THE CITY

Compare and contrast the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century cities. What role did industrialization play in producing the differences you note?

How did government officials try to overcome the challenges of the nineteenth-century city? What role did advances in medicine and transportation play in alleviating the problems of the nineteenth-century city? What about new approaches to city planning?

SOCIETY AND THE FAMILY

What explains the increasing diversity of the working classes in nineteenth-century Europe? What were the economic and political implications of this diversity?

How did the ideal model of family relationships change over the course of the nineteenth century? How would you explain the transformation you describe?

SCIENCE AND THOUGHT

In what ways did the scientific revolution of the nineteenth century differ from the scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? What was the relationship between science and industry in the second half of the nineteenth century?

How did science influence late nineteenth-century trends in literature and art? Is it fair to describe science as the dominant intellectual influence in the second half of the nineteenth century?

MAKE CONNECTIONS

Compare and contrast the typical Western city in 1700 and 1900. What similarities and differences do you note? How would you explain those differences?

Compare and contrast the typical Western city in 1900 and 2000. What forces have played the most important role in shaping the city over the course of the last century?