Baron Manfred von Richthofen (1892–1918) was the most famous flying ace of World War I. Nicknamed the “Red Baron,” he was credited with shooting down eighty enemy aircraft. In this official portrait, he wears the “Blue Max,” Prussia’s highest military award. By the time of his death in April 1918, Richthofen was a national hero in Germany. This was no accident. His accomplishments were heavily publicized by the German government, and photographs such as this one were widely published in German magazines and newspapers. Richthofen himself played a part in creating his public legend. In 1917, at the request and direction of military officials, Richthofen wrote a brief autobiography titled “The Red Battle Flyer.” As you examine the photograph, think about the contrast it presents to the photograph of the French soldier (see Document 25-2). Why did both the German government and the German people find heroes like Richthofen necessary?

German photographer (20th century) / Private Collection / Peter Newark Military Pictures / The Bridgeman Art Library.