| ca. 1200 B.C.E. | “Bronze Age Collapse”; end of the Hittite Empire |
| ca. 1100 B.C.E. | Beginning of the Iron Age; Phoenicians begin to trade in the Mediterranean |
| ca. 1070–712 B.C.E. | Third Intermediate Period in Egypt |
| ca. 965–925 B.C.E. | Hebrew kingdom ruled by Solomon |
| 911–609 B.C.E. | Neo-Assyrian Empire |
| 727 B.C.E. | Kushite Dynasty established in Egypt |
| 722 B.C.E. | Kingdom of Israel destroyed by the Assyrians |
| 626–539 B.C.E. | Neo-Babylonian empire |
| ca. 600 B.C.E. | Ideas of Zoroaster gain prominence in Persia |
| 587 B.C.E. | Kingdom of Judah destroyed by the Neo-Babylonians |
| 587–538 B.C.E. | Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews |
| 550 B.C.E. | Cyrus the Great conquers the Medes and consolidates the Persian Empire |
| 539 B.C.E. | Persians defeat the Neo-Babylonians |
| 525 B.C.E. | Persians defeat the Egyptians and Nubians |