Table : CHRONOLOGY
1805–1849Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt
1808–1839Mahmud II rules Ottoman state and enacts reforms
1809Uthman dan Fodio founds Sokoto caliphate
1830France begins conquest of Algeria
1839–1876Western-style reforms (Tanzimat) in Ottoman Empire
1860sTransatlantic slave trade declines rapidly
1869Completion of Suez Canal
1875Ottoman state declares partial bankruptcy; European creditors take over
1876Europeans take financial control in Egypt
1879–1882Ahmed Arabi leads revolt against foreign control of Egypt
1880Western and central Sudan unite under Islam
1880–1900Most of Africa falls under European rule
1880–1914Height of new imperialism in Asia and Africa
1884–1885Berlin Conference
1899Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”; Amin, The Liberation of Women
1899–1902South African War
1902Conrad, Heart of Darkness; Hobson, Imperialism
1908Young Turks seize power in Ottoman Empire