| ca. 1000 B.C.E.–1500 C.E. |
Bantu-speakers expand across central and southern Africa |
| ca. 600 C.E. |
Christian missionaries convert Nubian rulers |
| 639–642 C.E. |
Islam introduced to Africa |
| 642 C.E. |
Muslim conquest of Egypt |
| 650–1500 C.E. |
Slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean |
| 700–900 C.E. |
Berbers develop caravan routes |
| ca. 900–1100 C.E. |
Kingdom of Ghana; bananas and plantains arrive in Africa from Asia |
| ca. 1100–1400 C.E. |
Great Zimbabwe is built, flourishes |
| ca. 1200–1450 C.E. |
Kingdom of Mali |
| ca. 1312–1337 C.E. |
Reign of Mansa Musa in Mali |
| 1314–1344 C.E. |
Reign of Amda Siyon in Ethiopia |
| 1324–1325 C.E. |
Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca |