ca. 1000 B.C.E.–1500 C.E.	ca. 900–1100 C.E.
Bantu-speakers expand across central and southern Africa	Kingdom of Ghana; bananas and plantains arrive in Africa from Asia
ca. 600 C.E.	ca. 1100–1400 C.E.
Christian missionaries convert Nubian rulers	Great Zimbabwe is built, flourishes
639–642 C.E.	ca. 1200–1450 C.E.
Islam introduced to Africa	Kingdom of Mali
642 C.E.	ca. 1312–1337 C.E.
Muslim conquest of Egypt	Reign of Mansa Musa in Mali
650–1500 C.E.	1314–1344 C.E.
Slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean	Reign of Amda Siyon in Ethiopia
700–900 C.E.	1324–1325 C.E.
Berbers develop caravan routes	Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca