753 B.C.E.ca. 3 B.C.E.–29 C.E.
Traditional founding of the city of RomeLife of Jesus
509 B.C.E.69–96 C.E.
Traditional date of the establishment of the Roman RepublicFlavian emperors; restoration of order after civil wars
451–449 B.C.E.96–192 C.E.
Laws of the Twelve Tables written and issuedAntonine emperors; prosperity and the height of the pax Romana
ca. 265 B.C.E.235–284 C.E.
Romans control most of ItalyThird-century crisis; civil war; invasions; economic decline
264–241 B.C.E.; 218–201 B.C.E.; 149–146 B.C.E.284–337 C.E.
Punic WarsDiocletian and Constantine attempt to reconstruct the empire
53–31 B.C.E.313 C.E.
Civil wars among rival claimants to powerEmperor Constantine issues Edict of Milan, allowing practice of all religions in the Roman Empire
44 B.C.E.380 C.E.
Assassination of Julius CaesarEmperor Theodosius makes Christianity the official religion of the empire
31 B.C.E.476 C.E.
Octavian (Augustus) defeats Antony and CleopatraOdoacer deposes the last Roman emperor in the West
27 B.C.E.
Senate grants Octavian the title “Augustus”; date marks the beginning of the Roman Empire
27 B.C.E.–68 C.E.
Julio-Claudian emperors; expansion into northern and western Europe