- What were the goals of the participants in the Congress of Vienna? How did their experience of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shape their vision of postwar Europe?
- What explains the near simultaneous eruption of revolution across Europe in 1848? How did revolution in one country help trigger revolution in another? Why did all of the revolutions of 1848 fail?
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NATION BUILDING IN ITALY, GERMANY, AND RUSSIA
- How did Bismarck use war to promote German unification under Prussian leadership? How did he use war to tame his domestic opponents?
- What did Russian leaders mean by “modernization”? How successful were their modernization efforts?
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LATE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND POLITICS
- What explains the increasing social diversity of nineteenth-century Europe? What were the economic and political implications of this diversity?
- How did governments across Europe work to cement the loyalty of their citizens in the late nineteenth century? How effective were their efforts?
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LOOKING BACK, LOOKING AHEAD
- How did nineteenth-century nation-states differ from their eighteenth-century counterparts? What role did industrialization and new political ideologies play in producing the differences you note?
- In what sense were the societies and states that developed in nineteenth-century Europe “modern”? What fundamental features of contemporary nation-states emerged in the period covered in this chapter?
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