Introduction for Chapter 28

28 World War And Revolution 1914–1929

> In what ways did the First World War represent a fundamental turning point in world history? Chapter 28 examines the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and the decade that followed these cataclysmic events. The First World War was long, global, indecisive, and tremendously destructive. All of the major combatant nations were traumatized and transformed by the war. In Russia, military defeat once again led to social and political unrest. This time, however, the tsarist regime did not survive and was replaced by history’s first Communist state. When the war was finally over, the victorious Allies, led by Britain, France, and the United States, met in Paris to plan the peace to come. In the end, few left Paris satisfied with the results. The peace and prosperity the delegates sought lasted barely a decade.

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Senegalese Soldier A tirailleur (literally, “skirmisher”) from French West Africa who fought in Europe during the Great War. Across the bottom of this postcard image from the era, the soldier proclaimed his loyalty with the phrase “Glory to the Greater France,” meaning France and its colonies. Note the two German pickelhaube (spike helmets) he wears on his head. (Private Collection/Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library)

LearningCurve

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1914 1917–1922
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand; Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers; German victories on the eastern front Civil war in Russia
1914–1918 1918
World War I Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; revolution in Germany
1914 1919
Japan joins the Triple Entente and seizes German holdings in China Treaty of Versailles; Freudian psychology gains popularity; Rutherford splits the atom; Bauhaus school founded
1915 1920s
Italy joins the Triple Entente; German submarine sinks the Lusitania; Japan expands into southern Manchuria Existentialism, Dadaism, and surrealism gain prominence
1916 1923
Battles of Verdun and the Somme; Irish Easter Rebellion; German Auxiliary Service Law requires seventeen- to sixty-year-old males to work for war effort; Rasputin murdered French and Belgian armies occupy the Ruhr
1916–1918 1924
Growth of antiwar sentiment throughout Europe Dawes Plan
1917 1926
United States declares war on Germany; Bolshevik Revolution in Russia Germany joins League of Nations
1928
Kellogg-Briand Pact