IIN SPRING 1918 THE GERMANS LAUNCHED their last major attack against France. It failed, and Germany was defeated. The armistice came in November, and in January 1919, as civil war spread in Russia and chaos engulfed much of eastern Europe, the victorious Western Allies came together in Paris hoping to establish a lasting peace. The eventual peace settlement, however, failed to establish a lasting peace or to resolve the issues that had brought the world to war.