What new ideas and practices emerged in the arts, sciences, education, and religion?

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Teachers Disputing in a MadrasaAlthough Islamic education relied heavily on memorization of the Qur’an, religious scholars frequently debated the correct interpretation of a particular text. Listening to this lively disputation, the students illustrated in this 1222 book are learning to think critically and creatively. (From The Schefer Magamat, Ms. Arabe 5847, fol. 118v/R. and S. Michaud/akg-images)

LLong-distance trade provided the wealth that made possible a gracious and sophisticated culture in the cities of the Muslim world. (See “Individuals in Society: Ibn Battuta.”) Education helped foster achievements in the arts and sciences, and Sufism brought a new spiritual and intellectual tradition.