Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) In 1909, Freud (front left) and several other psychoanalysts were invited by G. Stanley Hall (front center) to participate in Clark University’s twentieth-anniversary celebration in Worcester, Massachusetts (Hogan, 2003). Freud delivered five lectures on psychoanalysis. Listening in the audience was William James, who later wrote to a friend that Freud struck him as “a man obsessed with fixed ideas” (Rosenzweig, 1997). Carl Jung (front right), who later developed his own theory of personality, also attended this historic conference.

Clark University