INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SPECIES IN COMMUNITIES
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FIGURE 3.16 Ecological communities are characterized by a complex web of interactions among species. (a) A black-backed jackal hunting sand grouse in Africa typifies predation, the killing and eating of another organism for food. (b) An elephant stripping foliage from a tree shows an herbivore harvesting living plant biomass. (c) Dusted with yellow pollen, a bee is photographed in the act of transporting pollen from one plant to another as it gathers nectar from the flowers it visits. (d) In another mutualism, a tropical anemonefish finds shelter among the tentacles of a stinging anemone for which the anemonefish provides chemical nutrients from its wastes and food scraps.
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