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I have taught botany and then Biology II for over 20 years and have been very frustrated when I have realized how little knowledge students retained. Since we have gone to this textbook, I find that the questions students are asking in class are much more probing than those in the past, and the students seem much more engaged in the topics. I am hopeful that this approach will help our students be deeper thinkers and better scientists.

– GLORIA CADDELL, University of Central Oklahoma

One of the things that really sold me on this text was the LaunchPad system: easy to use; intuitive navigation; really good questions that match the sophistication of the text; love the LearningCurve activities; use most of the animations in my lectures!

– SARA CARLSON, University of Akron

This is the best set of questions I’ve ever seen in a textbook. They are thorough and the right mix of challenging the student with requiring memorization of important details.

– KURT ELLIOT, Northwest Vista College

We have all seen an improvement in our students’ understanding of the material this year, the first year that we used the Morris text.

– ANUPAMA SESHAN, Emmanuel College

I like the figures, especially the 3D ones — we focus on “perceptual ability” training in our classes and figures that encourage students to think about cells in 3D are excellent!

– KIRKWOOD LAND, University of the Pacific

These chapters all seem to draw students through the course by referencing what they have learned previously and then adding new information. This makes the course seem like a complete story instead of a series of encyclopedia entries to be learned in isolation.

– TIM KROFT, Auburn University at Montgomery

We used this book last year and overall felt that it represented a major improvement from our previous text.

– PETER ARMBRUSTER, Georgetown University

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Good questions are just as important as a good textbook. The available variety of assessment tools was very important for our adoption of this text.

– MATTHEW BREWER, Georgia State University

If the whole book reads like this I would love to use it! This is the way I like to teach! I want students to understand rather than memorize and this chapter seems aimed at this.

– JENNIFER SCHRAMM, Chemeketa Community College

The artwork seems very clear-cut and geared to giving the students a very specific piece of information with a very simple example. This should greatly help students with forming a visual image of the various subjects.

– CHRIS PETRIE, Eastern Florida State College

The writing style is excellent, it makes a great narrative and incorporates key scientific experiments into the explanation of photosynthesis.

– DIANNE JENNING, Virginia Commonwealth University

I think HLW does a better job of presenting introductory material than our current text, which tends to overwhelm students.

– LAURA HILL, University of Vermont

With the quick checks and the experiments the first chapter already has the learners thinking about experiments and critical analysis.

– JOHN KOONTZ, University of Tennessee Knoxville

This book moves teaching away from merely understanding all of the bold terms in a textbook in order to spit them back on a multiple-choice test. I can use this text in order to prepare my students to understand and learn the general principles and concepts in biology and how those concepts translate across different levels of biology. I would not trade this textbook for any other book on the market.

– PAUL MOORE, Bowling Green State University

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Biology: How Life Works is not only a book. Instead, it is an integrated set of resources to support student learning and instructor teaching in introductory biology. As a result, we work closely with an entire community of authors, publishers, instructors, reviewers, and students. We would like to thank this dedicated group.

First and foremost, we thank the thousands of students we have collectively taught. Their curiosity, intelligence, and enthusiasm have been sources of motivation for all of us.

Our teachers and mentors have provided us with models of patience, creativity, and inquisitiveness that we strive to bring into our own teaching and research. They encourage us to be life-long learners, teachers, and scholars.

We feel very lucky to be a partner with W. H. Freeman and Macmillan Learning. From the start, they have embraced our project, giving us the space and room to achieve something unique, while at the same time providing guidance, support, and input from the broader community of instructors and students.

Beth Cole, our acquisitions editor, deserves thanks for taking on the second edition and becoming our leader. She keeps a watchful eye on important trends in science, education, and technology, carefully listens to what we want to do, and helps us put our aspirations in a larger context.

Lead developmental editor Lisa Samols continues to have just the right touch—the ability to listen as well as offer intelligent suggestions, serious with a touch of humor, quiet but persistent. Senior developmental editor Susan Moran has an eye for detail and the uncanny ability to read the manuscript like a student. Developmental editor Erica Champion brings intelligence and thoughtfulness to her edits.

Karen Misler kept us all on schedule in a clear and firm but always understanding and compassionate way.

Lindsey Jaroszewicz, our market development manager, is remarkable for her energy and enthusiasm, her attention to detail, and her creativity in ways to reach out to instructors and students. Will Moore, our marketing manager, refined the story of How Life Works 2e and works tirelessly with our sales teams to bring the second edition to instructors and students everywhere.

We thank Robert Errera for coordinating the move from manuscript to the page, and Nancy Brooks for helping to even out the prose. We also thank Diana Blume, our design director, Tom Carling, our text and cover designer, and Sheridan Sellers, our compositor. Together, they managed the look and feel of the book, coming up with creative solutions for page layout.

In digital media, we thank Amanda Nietzel for her editorial insight in making pedagogically useful media tools, and Keri deManigold and Chris Efstratiou for managing and coordinating the media and websites. They each took on this project with dedication, persistence, enthusiasm, and attention to detail that we deeply appreciate.

We are extremely grateful to Elaine Palucki for her insight into teaching and learning strategies, Donna Brodman for coordinating the many reviewers, and Jane Taylor, Alexandra Garrett, and Abigail Fagan for their consistent and tireless support.

Imagineering under the patient and intelligent guidance of Mark Mykytuik provided creative, insightful art to complement, support, and reinforce the text. We also thank our illustration coordinator, Matt McAdams, for skillfully guiding our collaboration with Imagineering. Christine Buese, our photo editor, and Lisa Passmore and Richard Fox, our photo researchers, provided us with a steady stream of stunning photos, and never gave up on those hard-to-find shots. Paul Rohloff, our production manager, ensured that the journey from manuscript to printing was seamless.

We would also like to acknowledge Kate Parker, Publisher of Sciences, Chuck Linsmeier, Vice President of Editorial, Susan Winslow, Managing Director, and Ken Michaels, Chief Executive Officer, for their support of How Life Works and our unique approach.

We also sincerely thank Erin Betters, Jere A. Boudell, Donna Koslowsky, and Jon Stoltzfus for thoughtful and insightful contributions to the assessment materials.

We are extremely grateful for all of the hard work and expertise of the sales representatives, regional managers, and regional sales specialists. We have enjoyed meeting and working with this dedicated sales staff, who are the ones that ultimately put the book in the hands of instructors.

Countless reviewers made invaluable contributions to this book and deserve special thanks. From catching mistakes to suggesting new and innovative ways to organize the content, they provided substantial input to the book. They brought their collective years of teaching to the project, and their suggestions are tangible in every chapter.

Finally, we would like to thank our families. None of this would have been possible without their support, inspiration, and encouragement.

Contributors, First Edition

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Thank you to all the instructors who worked in collaboration with the authors and assessment authors to write Biology: How Life Works assessments, activities, and exercises.

Allison Alvarado, University of California, Los Angeles

Peter Armbruster, Georgetown University

Zane Barlow-Coleman, formerly of University of Massachusetts, Amherst

James Bottesch, Brevard Community College

Jessamina Blum, Yale University

Jere Boudell, Clayton State University

David Bos, Purdue University

Laura Ciaccia West, Yale University*

Laura DiCaprio, Ohio University

Tod Duncan, University of Colorado, Denver

Cindy Giffen, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Paul Greenwood, Colby College

Stanley Guffey, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Alison Hill, Duke University

Meg Horton, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Kerry Kilburn, Old Dominion University

Jo Kurdziel, University of Michigan

David Lampe, Duquesne University

Brenda Leady, University of Toledo

Sara Marlatt, Yale University*

Kelly McLaughlin, Tufts University

Brad Mehrtens, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Nancy Morvillo, Florida Southern College

Jennifer Nauen, University of Delaware

Kavita Oommen, Georgia State University

Patricia Phelps, Austin Community College

Melissa Reedy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Lindsay Rush, Yale University*

Sukanya Subramanian, Collin College

Michelle Withers, West Virginia University

Reviewers, Class Testers, and Focus Group Participants

Thank you to all the instructors who reviewed and/or class tested chapters, art, assessment questions, and other Biology: How Life Works materials.

First Edition

Thomas Abbott, University of Connecticut

Tamarah Adair, Baylor University

Sandra Adams, Montclair State University

Jonathon Akin, University of Connecticut

Eddie Alford, Arizona State University

Chris Allen, College of the Mainland

Sylvester Allred, Northern Arizona University

Shivanthi Anandan, Drexel University

Andrew Andres, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Michael Angilletta, Arizona State University

Jonathan Armbruster, Auburn University

Jessica Armenta, Lone Star College System

Brian Ashburner, University of Toledo

Andrea Aspbury, Texas State University

Nevin Aspinwall, Saint Louis University

Felicitas Avendano, Grand View University

Yael Avissar, Rhode Island College

Ricardo Azpiroz, Richland College

Jessica Baack, Southwestern Illinois College

Charles Baer, University of Florida

Brian Bagatto, University of Akron

Alan L. Baker, University of New Hampshire

Ellen Baker, Santa Monica College

Mitchell Balish, Miami University

Teri Balser, University of Florida

Paul Bates, University of Minnesota, Duluth

Michel Baudry, University of Southern California

Jerome Baudry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Mike Beach, Southern Polytechnic State University

Andrew Beall, University of North Florida

xxv

Gregory Beaulieu, University of Victoria

John Bell, Brigham Young University

Michael Bell, Richland College

Rebecca Bellone, University of ?Tampa

Anne Bergey, Truman State University

Laura Bermingham, University of Vermont

Aimee Bernard, University of Colorado, Denver

Annalisa Berta, San Diego State University

Joydeep Bhattacharjee, University of Louisiana, Monroe

Arlene Billock, University of Louisiana, Lafayette

Daniel Blackburn, Trinity College

Mark Blackmore, Valdosta State University

Justin Blau, New York University

Andrew Blaustein, Oregon State University

Mary Bober, Santa Monica College

Robert Bohanan, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Jim Bonacum, University of Illinois at Springfield

Laurie Bonneau, Trinity College

David Bos, Purdue University

James Bottesch, Brevard Community College

Jere Boudell, Clayton State University

Nancy Boury, Iowa State University

Matthew Brewer, Georgia State University

Mirjana Brockett, Georgia Institute of Technology

Andrew Brower, Middle Tennessee State University

Heather Bruns, Ball State University

Jill Buettner, Richland College

Stephen Burnett, Clayton State University

Steve Bush, Coastal Carolina University

David Byres, Florida State College at Jacksonville

James Campanella, Montclair State University

Darlene Campbell, Cornell University

Jennifer Campbell, North Carolina State University

John Campbell, Northwest College

David Canning, Murray State University

Richard Cardullo, University of California, Riverside

Sara Carlson, University of Akron

Jeff Carmichael, University of North Dakota

Dale Casamatta, University of North Florida

Anne Casper, Eastern Michigan University

David Champlin, University of Southern Maine

Rebekah Chapman, Georgia State University

Samantha Chapman, Villanova University

Mark Chappell, University of California, Riverside

P. Bryant Chase, Florida State University

Young Cho, Eastern New Mexico University

Tim Christensen, East Carolina University

Steven Clark, University of Michigan

Ethan Clotfelter, Amherst College

Catharina Coenen, Allegheny College

Mary Colavito, Santa Monica College

Craig Coleman, Brigham Young University

Alex Collier, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Sharon Collinge, University of Colorado, Boulder

Jay Comeaux, McNeese State University

Reid Compton, University of Maryland

Ronald Cooper, University of California, Los Angeles

Victoria Corbin, University of Kansas

Asaph Cousins, Washington State University

Will Crampton, University of Central Florida

Kathryn Craven, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Scott Crousillac, Louisiana State University

Kelly Cude, College of the Canyons

Stanley Cunningham, Arizona State University

Karen Curto, University of Pittsburgh

Bruce Cushing, The University of Akron

Rebekka Darner, University of Florida

James Dawson, Pittsburg State University

Elizabeth De Stasio, Lawrence University

Jennifer Dechaine, Central Washington University

James Demastes, University of Northern Iowa

D. Michael Denbow, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Joseph Dent, McGill University

xxvi

Terry Derting, Murray State University

Jean DeSaix, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Donald Deters, Bowling Green State University

Hudson DeYoe, The University of Texas, Pan American

Leif Deyrup, University of the Cumberlands

Laura DiCaprio, Ohio University

Jesse Dillon, California State University, Long Beach

Frank Dirrigl, The University of Texas, Pan American

Kevin Dixon, Florida State University

Elaine Dodge Lynch, Memorial University of Newfoundland

Hartmut Doebel, George Washington University

Jennifer Doll, Loyola University, Chicago

Logan Donaldson, York University

Blaise Dondji, Central Washington University

Christine Donmoyer, Allegheny College

James Dooley, Adelphi University

Jennifer Doudna, University of California, Berkeley

John DuBois, Middle Tennessee State University

Richard Duhrkopf, Baylor University

Kamal Dulai, University of California, Merced

Arthur Dunham, University of Pennsylvania

Mary Durant, Lone Star College System

Roland Dute, Auburn University

Andy Dyer, University of South Carolina, Aiken

William Edwards, Niagara University

John Elder, Valdosta State University

William Eldred, Boston University

David Eldridge, Baylor University

Inge Eley, Hudson Valley Community College

Lisa Elfring, University of Arizona

Richard Elinson, Duquesne University

Kurt Elliott, Northwest Vista College

Miles Engell, North Carolina State University

Susan Erster, Stony Brook University

Joseph Esdin, University of California, Los Angeles

Jean Everett, College of Charleston

Brent Ewers, University of Wyoming

Melanie Fierro, Florida State College at Jacksonville

Michael Fine, Virginia Commonwealth University

Jonathan Fingerut, St. Joseph’s University

Ryan Fisher, Salem State University

David Fitch, New York University

Paul Fitzgerald, Northern Virginia Community College

Jason Flores, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Matthias Foellmer, Adelphi University

Barbara Frase, Bradley University

Caitlin Gabor, Texas State University

Michael Gaines, University of Miami

Jane Gallagher, The City College of New York, The City University of New York

Kathryn Gardner, Boston University

J. Yvette Gardner, Clayton State University

Gillian Gass, Dalhousie University

Jason Gee, East Carolina University

Topher Gee, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Vaughn Gehle, Southwest Minnesota State University

Tom Gehring, Central Michigan University

John Geiser, Western Michigan University

Alex Georgakilas, East Carolina University

Peter Germroth, Hillsborough Community College

Arundhati Ghosh, University of Pittsburgh

Carol Gibbons Kroeker, University of Calgary

Phil Gibson, University of Oklahoma

Cindee Giffen, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Matthew Gilg, University of North Florida

Sharon Gillies, University of the Fraser Valley

Leonard Ginsberg, Western Michigan University

Florence Gleason, University of Minnesota

Russ Goddard, Valdosta State University

Miriam Golbert, College of the Canyons

Jessica Goldstein, Barnard College, Columbia University

Steven Gorsich, Central Michigan University

Sandra Grebe, Lone Star College System

Robert Greene, Niagara University

Ann Grens, Indiana University, South Bend

xxvii

Theresa Grove, Valdosta State University

Stanley Guffey, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Nancy Guild, University of Colorado, Boulder

Lonnie Guralnick, Roger Williams University

Laura Hake, Boston College

Kimberly Hammond, University of California, Riverside

Paul Hapeman, University of Florida

Luke Harmon, University of Idaho

Sally Harmych, University of Toledo

Jacob Harney, University of Hartford

Sherry Harrel, Eastern Kentucky University

Dale Harrington, Caldwell Community College and Technical Institute

J. Scott Harrison, Georgia Southern University

Diane Hartman, Baylor University

Mary Haskins, Rockhurst University

Bernard Hauser, University of Florida

David Haymer, University of Hawaii

David Hearn, Towson University

Marshal Hedin, San Diego State University

Paul Heideman, College of William and Mary

Gary Heisermann, Salem State University

Brian Helmuth, University of South Carolina

Christopher Herlihy, Middle Tennessee State University

Albert Herrera, University of Southern California

Brad Hersh, Allegheny College

David Hicks, The University of Texas at Brownsville

Karen Hicks, Kenyon College

Alison Hill, Duke University

Kendra Hill, South Dakota State University

Jay Hodgson, Armstrong Atlantic State University

John Hoffman, Arcadia University

Jill Holliday, University of Florida

Sara Hoot, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Margaret Horton, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Lynne Houck, Oregon State University

Kelly Howe, University of New Mexico

William Huddleston, University of Calgary

Jodi Huggenvik, Southern Illinois University

Melissa Hughes, College of Charleston

Randy Hunt, Indiana University Southeast

Tony Huntley, Saddleback College

Brian Hyatt, Bethel College

Jeba Inbarasu, Metropolitan Community College

Colin Jackson, The University of Mississippi

Eric Jellen, Brigham Young University

Dianne Jennings, Virginia Commonwealth University

Scott Johnson, Wake Technical Community College

Mark Johnston, Dalhousie University

Susan Jorstad, University of Arizona

Stephen Juris, Central Michigan University

Julie Kang, University of Northern Iowa

Jonghoon Kang, Valdosta State University

George Karleskint, St. Louis Community College at Meramec

David Karowe, Western Michigan University

Judy Kaufman, Monroe Community College

Nancy Kaufmann, University of Pittsburgh

Ramneet Kaur, Georgia Gwinett College

John Kauwe, Brigham Young University

Elena Keeling, California Polytechnic State University

Jill Keeney, Juniata College

Tamara Kelly, York University

Chris Kennedy, Simon Fraser University

Bretton Kent, University of Maryland

Jake Kerby, University of South Dakota

Jeffrey Kiggins, Monroe Community College

Scott Kight, Montclair State University

Stephen Kilpatrick, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Kelly Kissane, University of Nevada, Reno

David Kittlesen, University of Virginia

Jennifer Kneafsey, Tulsa Community College

Jennifer Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Ross Koning, Eastern Connecticut State University

David Kooyman, Brigham Young University

Olga Kopp, Utah Valley University

Anna Koshy, Houston Community College

Todd Kostman, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

xxviii

Peter Kourtev, Central Michigan University

William Kroll, Loyola University, Chicago

Dave Kubien, University of New Brunswick

Allen Kurta, Eastern Michigan University

Ellen Lamb, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Troy Ladine, East Texas Baptist University

David Lampe, Duquesne University

Evan Lampert, Gainesville State College

James Langeland, Kalamazoo College

John Latto, University of California, Santa Barbara

Brenda Leady, University of Toledo

Jennifer Leavey, Georgia Institute of Technology

Hugh Lefcort, Gonzaga University

Brenda Leicht, University of Iowa

Craig Lending, The College at Brockport, The State University of New York

Nathan Lents, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City University of New York

Michael Leonardo, Coe College

Army Lester, Kennesaw State University

Cynthia Littlejohn, University of Southern Mississippi

Zhiming Liu, Eastern New Mexico University

Jonathan Lochamy, Georgia Perimeter College

Suzanne Long, Monroe Community College

Julia Loreth, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Jennifer Louten, Southern Polytechnic State University

Janet Loxterman, Idaho State University

Ford Lux, Metropolitan State College of Denver

José-Luis Machado, Swarthmore College

C. Smoot Major, University of South Alabama

Charles Mallery, University of Miami

Mark Maloney, Spelman College

Carroll Mann, Florida State College at Jacksonville

Carol Mapes, Kutztown University of Pennsylvania

Nilo Marin, Broward College

Diane Marshall, University of New Mexico

Heather Masonjones, University of Tampa

Scott Mateer, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Luciano Matzkin, The University of Alabama in Huntsville

Robert Maxwell, Georgia State University

Meghan May, Towson University

Michael McGinnis, Spelman College

Kathleen McGuire, San Diego State University

Maureen McHale, Truman State University

Shannon McQuaig, St. Petersburg College

Susan McRae, East Carolina University

Lori McRae, University of Tampa

Mark Meade, Jacksonville State University

Brad Mehrtens, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Michael Meighan, University of California, Berkeley

Douglas Meikle, Miami University

Richard Merritt, Houston Community College

Jennifer Metzler, Ball State University

James Mickle, North Carolina State University

Brian Miller, Middle Tennessee State University

Allison Miller, Saint Louis University

Yuko Miyamoto, Elon University

Ivona Mladenovic, Simon Fraser University

Marcie Moehnke, Baylor University

Chad Montgomery, Truman State University

Jennifer Mook, Gainesville State College

Daniel Moon, University of North Florida

Jamie Moon, University of North Florida

Jeanelle Morgan, Gainesville State College

David Morgan, University of West Georgia

Julie Morris, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Becky Morrow, Duquesne University

Mark Mort, University of Kansas

Nancy Morvillo, Florida Southern College

Anthony Moss, Auburn University

Mario Mota, University of Central Florida

Alexander Motten, Duke University

Tim Mulkey, Indiana State University

John Mull, Weber State University

Michael Muller, University of Illinois at Chicago

Beth Mullin, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

xxix

Paul Narguizian, California State University, Los Angeles

Jennifer Nauen, University of Delaware

Paul Nealen, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Diana Nemergut, University of Colorado, Boulder

Kathryn Nette, Cuyamaca College

Jacalyn Newman, University of Pittsburgh

James Nienow, Valdosta State University

Alexey Nikitin, Grand Valley State University

Tanya Noel, York University

Fran Norflus, Clayton State University

Celia Norman, Arapahoe Community College

Eric Norstrom, DePaul University

Jorge Obeso, Miami Dade College

Kavita Oommen, Georgia State University

David Oppenheimer, University of Florida

Joseph Orkwiszewski, Villanova University?

Rebecca Orr, Collin College

Don Padgett, Bridgewater State College

Joanna Padolina, Virginia Commonwealth University

One Pagan, West Chester University

Kathleen Page, Bucknell University

Daniel Papaj, University of Arizona

Pamela Pape-Lindstrom, Everett Community College

Bruce Patterson, University of Arizona, Tucson

Shelley Penrod, Lone Star College System

Roger Persell, Hunter College, The City University of New York

John Peters, College of Charleston

Chris Petrie, Brevard Community College

Patricia Phelps, Austin Community College

Steven Phelps, The University of Texas at Austin

Kristin Picardo, St. John Fisher College

Aaron Pierce, Nicholls State University

Debra Pires, University of California, Los Angeles

Thomas Pitzer, Florida International University

Nicola Plowes, Arizona State University

Crima Pogge, City College of San Francisco

Darren Pollock, Eastern New Mexico University

Kenneth Pruitt, The University of Texas at Brownsville

Sonja Pyott, University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Rajinder Ranu, Colorado State University

Philip Rea, University of Pennsylvania

Amy Reber, Georgia State University

Ahnya Redman, West Virginia University

Melissa Reedy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Brian Ring, Valdosta State University

David Rintoul, Kansas State University

Michael Rischbieter, Presbyterian College

Laurel Roberts, University of Pittsburgh

George Robinson, The University at Albany, The State University of New York

Peggy Rolfsen, Cincinnati State Technical and Community College

Mike Rosenzweig, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Doug Rouse, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Yelena Rudayeva, Palm Beach State College

Ann Rushing, Baylor University

Shereen Sabet, La Sierra University

Rebecca Safran, University of Colorado

Peter Sakaris, Southern Polytechnic State University

Thomas Sasek, University of Louisiana, Monroe

Udo Savalli, Arizona State University

H. Jochen Schenk, California State University, Fullerton

Gregory Schmaltz, University of the Fraser Valley

Jean Schmidt, University of Pittsburgh

Andrew Schnabel, Indiana University, South Bend

Roxann Schroeder, Humboldt State University

David Schultz, University of Missouri, Columbia

Andrea Schwarzbach, The University of Texas at Brownsville

Erik Scully, Towson University

Robert Seagull, Hofstra University

Pramila Sen, Houston Community College

Alice Sessions, Austin Community College

Vijay Setaluri, University of Wisconsin

Jyotsna Sharma, The University of Texas at San Antonio

xxx

Elizabeth Sharpe-Aparicio, Blinn College

Patty Shields, University of Maryland

Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University

James Shinkle, Trinity University

Rebecca Shipe, University of California, Los Angeles

Marcia Shofner, University of Maryland

Laurie Shornick, Saint Louis University

Jill Sible, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Allison Silveus, Tarrant County College

Kristin Simokat, University of Idaho

Sue Simon-Westendorf, Ohio University

Sedonia Sipes, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

John Skillman, California State University, San Bernardino

Marek Sliwinski, University of Northern Iowa

Felisa Smith, University of New Mexico

John Sollinger, Southern Oregon University

Scott Solomon, Rice University

Morvarid Soltani-Bejnood, The University of Tennessee

Vladimir Spiegelman, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Chrissy Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology

Kathryn Spilios, Boston University

Ashley Spring, Brevard Community College

Bruce Stallsmith, The University of Alabama in Huntsville

Jennifer Stanford, Drexel University

Barbara Stegenga, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Patricia Steinke, San Jacinto College, Central Campus

Asha Stephens, College of the Mainland

Robert Steven, University of Toledo

Eric Strauss, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse

Sukanya Subramanian, Collin College

Mark Sugalski, Southern Polytechnic State University

Brad Swanson, Central Michigan University

Ken Sweat, Arizona State University

David Tam, University of North Texas

Ignatius Tan, New York University

William Taylor, University of Toledo

Christine Terry, Lynchburg College

Sharon Thoma, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Pamela Thomas, University of Central Florida

Carol Thornber, University of Rhode Island

Patrick Thorpe, Grand Valley State University

Briana Timmerman, University of South Carolina

Chris Todd, University of Saskatchewan

Gail Tompkins, Wake Technical Community College

Martin Tracey, Florida International University

Randall Tracy, Worcester State University

James Traniello, Boston University

Bibit Traut, City College of San Francisco

Terry Trier, Grand Valley State University

Stephen Trumble, Baylor University

Jan Trybula, The State University of New York at Potsdam

Alexa Tullis, University of Puget Sound

Marsha Turell, Houston Community College

Mary Tyler, University of Maine

Marcel van Tuinen, University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Dirk Vanderklein, Montclair State University

Jorge Vasquez-Kool, Wake Technical Community College

William Velhagen, New York University

Dennis Venema, Trinity Western University

Laura Vogel, North Carolina State University

Jyoti Wagle, Houston Community College

Jeff Walker, University of Southern Maine

Gary Walker, Appalachian State University

Andrea Ward, Adelphi University

Fred Wasserman, Boston University

Elizabeth Waters, San Diego State University

Douglas Watson, The University of Alabama at Birmingham

Matthew Weand, Southern Polytechnic State University

Michael Weber, Carleton University

Cindy Wedig, The University of Texas, Pan American

Brad Wetherbee, University of Rhode Island

Debbie Wheeler, University of the Fraser Valley

xxxi

Clay White, Lone Star College System

Lisa Whitenack, Allegheny College

Maggie Whitson, Northern Kentucky University

Stacey Wild East, Tennessee State University

Herbert Wildey, Arizona State University and Phoenix College

David Wilkes, Indiana University, South Bend

Lisa Williams, Northern Virginia Community College

Elizabeth Willott, University of Arizona

Mark Wilson, Humboldt State University

Ken Wilson, University of Saskatchewan

Bob Winning, Eastern Michigan University

Candace Winstead, California Polytechnic State University

Robert Wise, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

D. Reid Wiseman, College of Charleston

MaryJo Witz, Monroe Community College

David Wolfe, American River College

Kevin Woo, University of Central Florida

Denise Woodward, Penn State

Shawn Wright, Central New Mexico Community College

Grace Wyngaard, James Madison University

Aimee Wyrick, Pacific Union College

Joanna Wysocka-Diller, Auburn University

Ken Yasukawa, Beloit College

John Yoder, The University of Alabama

Kelly Young, California State University, Long Beach

James Yount, Brevard Community College

Min Zhong, Auburn University

Second Edition

Barbara J. Abraham, Hampton University

Jason Adams, College of DuPage

Sandra D. Adams, Montclair State University

Richard Adler, University of Michigan, Dearborn

Nancy Aguilar-Roca, University of California, Irvine

Shivanthi Anandan, Drexel University

Lynn Anderson-Carpenter, University of Michigan

Christine Andrews, The University of Chicago

Peter Armbruster, Georgetown University

Jessica Armenta, Austin Community College

Brian Ashburner, University of Toledo

Ann J. Auman, Pacific Lutheran University

Nicanor Austriaco, Providence College

Felicitas Avendano, Grand View University

J. P. Avery, University of North Florida

Jim Bader, Case Western Reserve University

Ellen Baker, Santa Monica College

Andrew S. Baldwin, Mesa Community College

Stephen Baron, Bridgewater College

Paul W. Bates, University of Minnesota, Duluth

Janet Batzli, University of Wisconsin, Madison

David Baum, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Kevin S. Beach, The University of Tampa

Philip Becraft, Iowa State University

Alexandra Bely, University of Maryland

Lauryn Benedict, University of Northern Colorado

Anne Bergey, Truman State University

Joydeep Bhattacharjee, University of Louisiana, Monroe

Todd Bishop, Dalhousie University

Catherine Black, Idaho State University

Andrew R. Blaustein, Oregon State University

James Bolton, Georgia Gwinnett College

Jim Bonacum, University of Illinois at Springfield

Laurie J. Bonneau, Trinity College

James Bottesch, Eastern Florida State College

Lisa Boucher, The University of Texas at Austin

Nicole Bournias-Vardiabasis, California State University, San Bernardino

Nancy Boury, Iowa State University

Matthew Brewer, Georgia State University

Christoper G. Brown, Georgia Gwinnett College

Jill Buettner, Richland College

Sharon K. Bullock, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Lisa Burgess, Broward College

Jorge Busciglio, University of California, Irvine

Stephen Bush, Coastal Carolina University

xxxii

David Byres, Florida State College at Jacksonville

Gloria Caddell, University of Central Oklahoma

Guy A. Caldwell, The University of Alabama

Kim A. Caldwell, The University of Alabama

John S. Campbell, Northwest College

Jennifer Capers, Indian River State College

Joel Carlin, Gustavus Adolphus College

Sara G. Carlson, University of Akron

Dale Casamatta, University of North Florida

Merri Lynn Casem, California State University, Fullerton

Anne Casper, Eastern Michigan University

David Champlin, University of Southern Maine

Rebekah Chapman, Georgia State University

P. Bryant Chase, Florida State University

Thomas T. Chen, Santa Monica College

Young Cho, Eastern New Mexico University

Sunita Chowrira, University of British Columbia

Tim W. Christensen, East Carolina University

Steven Clark, University of Michigan

Beth Cliffel, Triton College

Liane Cochran-Stafira, Saint Xavier University

John G. Cogan, The Ohio State University

Reid Compton, University of Maryland

Ronald H. Cooper, University of California, Los Angeles

Janice Countaway, University of Central Oklahoma

Joseph A. Covi, University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Will Crampton, University of Central Florida

Kathryn Craven, Armstrong State University

Lorelei Crerar, George Mason University

Kerry Cresawn, James Madison University

Richard J. Cristiano, Houston Community College Northwest

Cynthia K. Damer, Central Michigan University

David Dansereau, Saint Mary’s University

Mark Davis, Macalester College

Elizabeth A. De Stasio, Lawrence University

Tracy Deem, Bridgewater College

Kimberley Dej, McMaster University

Terrence Delaney, University of Vermont

Tracie Delgado, Northwest University

Mark S. Demarest, University of North Texas

D. Michael Denbow, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Jonathan Dennis, Florida State University

Brandon S. Diamond, University of Miami

AnnMarie DiLorenzo, Montclair State University

Frank J. Dirrigl, Jr., University of Texas, Pan American

Christine Donmoyer, Allegheny College

Samuel Douglas, Angelina College

John D. DuBois, Middle Tennessee State University

Janet Duerr, Ohio University

Meghan Duffy, University of Michigan

Richard E. Duhrkopf, Baylor University

Jacquelyn Duke, Baylor University

Kamal Dulai, University of California, Merced

Rebecca K. Dunn, Boston College

Jacob Egge, Pacific Lutheran University

Kurt J. Elliott, Northwest Vista College

Miles Dean Engell, North Carolina State University

Susan Erster, Stony Brook University

Barbara I. Evans, Lake Superior State University

Lisa Felzien, Rockhurst University

Ralph Feuer, San Diego State University

Ginger R. Fisher, University of Northern Colorado

John Flaspohler, Concordia College

Sam Flaxman, University of Colorado, Boulder

Nancy Flood, Thompson Rivers University

Arthur Frampton, University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Caitlin Gabor, Texas State University

Tracy Galarowicz, Central Michigan University

Raul Galvan, South Texas College

Deborah Garrity, Colorado State University

Jason Mitchell Gee, East Carolina University

T.M. Gehring, Central Michigan University

John Geiser, Western Michigan University

xxxiii

Carol A. Gibbons Kroeker, Ambrose University

Susan A. Gibson, South Dakota State University

Cynthia J. Giffen, University of Michigan

Matthew Gilg, University of North Florida

Sharon L. Gillies, University of the Fraser Valley

Leslie Goertzen, Auburn University

Marla Gomez, Nicholls State University

Steven Gorsich, Central Michigan University

Daniel Graetzer, Northwest University

James Grant, Concordia University

Linda E. Green, Georgia Institute of Technology

Sara Gremillion, Armstrong State University

Ann Grens, Indiana University, South Bend

John L. Griffis, Joliet Junior College

Nancy A. Guild, University of Colorado, Boulder

Lonnie Guralnick, Roger Williams University

Valerie K. Haftel, Morehouse College

Margaret Hanes, Eastern Michigan University

Sally E. Harmych, University of Toledo

Sherry Harrel, Eastern Kentucky University

J. Scott Harrison, Georgia Southern University

Pat Harrison, University of the Fraser Valley

Diane Hartman, Baylor University

Wayne Hatch, Utah State University Eastern

David Haymer, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Chris Haynes, Shelton State Community College

Christiane Healey, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

David Hearn, Towson University

Marshal Hedin, San Diego State University

Triscia Hendrickson, Morehouse College

Albert A. Herrera, University of Southern California

Bradley Hersh, Allegheny College

Anna Hiatt, East Tennessee State University

Laura Hill, University of Vermont

Jay Hodgson, Armstrong State University

James Horwitz, Palm Beach State College

Sarah Hosch, Oakland University

Kelly Howe, University of New Mexico

Kimberly Hruska, Langara College

William Huddleston, University of Calgary

Carol Hurney, James Madison University

Brian A. Hyatt, Bethel University

Bradley C. Hyman, University of California, Riverside

Anne Jacobs, Allegheny College

Robert C. Jadin, Northeastern Illinois University

Rick Jellen, Brigham Young University

Dianne Jennings, Virginia Commonwealth University

L. Scott Johnson, Towson University

Russell Johnson, Colby College

Susan Jorstad, University of Arizona

Matthew Julius, St. Cloud State University

John S. K. Kauwe, Brigham Young University

Lori J. Kayes, Oregon State University

Todd Kelson, Brigham Young University, Idaho

Christopher Kennedy, Simon Fraser University

Jacob Kerby, University of South Dakota

Stephen T. Kilpatrick, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Mary Kimble, Northeastern Illinois University

Denice D. King, Cleveland State Community College

David Kittlesen, University of Virginia

Ann Kleinschmidt, Allegheny College

Kathryn Kleppinger-Sparace, Tri-County Technical College

Daniel Klionsky, University of Michigan

Ned Knight, Reed College

Benedict Kolber, Duquesne University

Ross Koning, Eastern Connecticut State University

John Koontz, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Peter Kourtev, Central Michigan University

Elizabeth Kovar, The University of Chicago

Nadine Kriska, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater

Tim L. Kroft, Auburn University at Montgomery

William Kroll, Loyola University of Chicago

Dave Kubien, University of New Brunswick

Jason Kuehner, Emmanuel College

Josephine Kurdziel, University of Michigan

xxxiv

Troy A. Ladine, East Texas Baptist University

Diane M. Lahaise, Georgia Perimeter College

Janice Lai, Austin Community College, Cypress Creek

Kirk Land, University of the Pacific

James Langeland, Kalamazoo College

Neva Laurie-Berry, Pacific Lutheran University

Brenda Leady, University of Toledo

Adrienne Lee, University of California, Fullerton

Chris Levesque, John Abbott College

Bai-Lian Larry Li, University of California, Riverside

Cynthia Littlejohn, University of Southern Mississippi

Jason Locklin, Temple College

Xu Lu, University of Findlay

Patrice Ludwig, James Madison University

Ford Lux, Metropolitan State University of Denver

Morris F. Maduro, University of California, Riverside

C. Smoot Major, University of South Alabama

Barry Margulies, Towson University

Nilo Marin, Broward College

Michael Martin, John Carroll University

Heather D. Masonjones, University of Tampa

Scott C. Mateer, Armstrong State University

Robert Maxwell, Georgia State University

Joseph McCormick, Duquesne University

Lori L. McGrew, Belmont University

Peter B. McIntyre, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Iain McKinnell, Carleton University

Krystle McLaughlin, Lehigh University

Susan B. McRae, East Carolina University

Mark Meade, Jacksonville State University

Richard Merritt, Houston Community College Northwest

James E. Mickle, North Carolina State University

Chad Montgomery, Truman State University

Scott M. Moody, Ohio University

Daniel Moon, University of North Florida

Jamie Moon, University of North Florida

Jonathan Moore, Virginia Commonwealth University

Paul A. Moore, Bowling Green State University

Tsafrir Mor, Arizona State University

Jeanelle Morgan, University of North Georgia

Mark Mort, University of Kansas

Anthony Moss, Auburn University

Karen Neal, Reynolds Community College

Kimberlyn Nelson, Pennsylvania State University

Hao Nguyen, California State University, Sacramento

John Niedzwiecki, Belmont University

Alexey G. Nikitin, Grand Valley State University

Matthew Nusnbaum, Georgia State University

Robert Okazaki, Weber State University

Tiffany Oliver, Spelman College

Jennifer S. O’Neil, Houston Community College

Kavita Oommen, Georgia State University

Nathan Opolot Okia, Auburn University at Montgomery

Robin O’Quinn, Eastern Washington University

Sarah A. Orlofske, Northeastern Illinois University

Don Padgett, Bridgewater State University

Lisa Parks, North Carolina State University

Nilay Patel, California State University, Fullerton

Markus Pauly, University of California, Berkeley

Daniel M. Pavuk, Bowling Green State University

Marc Perkins, Orange Coast College

Beverly Perry, Houston Community College

John S. Peters, College of Charleston

Chris Petrie, Eastern Florida State College

John M. Pleasants, Iowa State University

Michael Plotkin, Mt. San Jacinto College

Mary Poffenroth, San Jose State University

Dan Porter, Amarillo College

Sonja Pyott, University of North Carolina at Wilmington

Mirwais Qaderi, Mount Saint Vincent University

Nick Reeves, Mt. San Jacinto College

Adam J. Reinhart, Wayland Baptist University

Stephanie Richards, Bates College

David A. Rintoul, Kansas State University

xxxv

Trevor Rivers, University of Kansas

Laurel Roberts, University of Pittsburgh

Casey Roehrig, Harvard University

Jennifer Rose, University of North Georgia

Michael S. Rosenzweig, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Caleb M. Rounds, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Yelena Rudayeva, Palm Beach State College

James E. Russell, Georgia Gwinnett College

Donald Sakaguchi, Iowa State University

Thomas Sasek, University of Louisiana at Monroe

Leslie J. Saucedo, University of Puget Sound

Udo M. Savalli, Arizona State University West Campus

Smita Savant, Houston Community College Southwest

Leena Sawant, Houston Community College Southwest

H. Jochen Schenk, California State University, Fullerton

Aaron E. Schirmer, Northeastern Illinois University

Mark Schlueter, Georgia Gwinnett College

Gregory Schmaltz, University of the Fraser Valley

Jennifer Schramm, Chemeketa Community College

Roxann Schroeder, Humboldt State University

Tim Schuh, St. Cloud State University

Kevin G. E. Scott, University of Manitoba

Erik P. Scully, Towson University

Sarah B. Selke, Three Rivers Community College

Pramila Sen, Houston Community College

Anupama Seshan, Emmanuel College

Alice Sessions, Austin Community College

Vijay Setaluri, University of Wisconsin

Timothy E. Shannon, Francis Marion University

Wallace Sharif, Morehouse College

Mark Sherrard, University of Northern Iowa

Cara Shillington, Eastern Michigan University

Amy Siegesmund, Pacific Lutheran University

Christine Simmons, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

S. D. Sipes, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale

John Skillman, California State University, San Bernardino

Daryl Smith, Langara College

Julie Smith, Pacific Lutheran University

Karen Smith, University of British Columbia

Leo Smith, University of Kansas

Ramona Smith-Burrell, Eastern Florida State College

Joel Snodgrass, Towson University

Alan J. Snow, University of Akron–Wayne College

Judith Solti, Houston Community College, Spring Branch

Ann Song, University of California, Fullerton

C. Kay Song, Georgia State University

Chrissy Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology

Rachel Spicer, Connecticut College

Ashley Spring, Eastern Florida State College

Bruce Stallsmith, The University of Alabama in Huntsville

Maria L. Stanko, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Nancy Staub, Gonzaga University

Barbara Stegenga, University of North Carolina

Robert Steven, University of Toledo

Lori Stevens, University of Vermont

Mark Sturtevant, Oakland University

Elizabeth B. Sudduth, Georgia Gwinnett College

Mark Sugalski, Kennesaw State University, Southern Polytechnic State University

Fengjie Sun, Georgia Gwinnett College

Bradley J. Swanson, Central Michigan University

Brook O. Swanson, Gonzaga University

Ken Gunter Sweat, Arizona State University West Campus

Annette Tavares, University of Ontario Institute of Technology

William R. Taylor, University of Toledo

Samantha Terris Parks, Georgia State University

Jessica Theodor, University of Calgary

Sharon Thoma, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Sue Thomson, Auburn University at Montgomery

Mark Tiemeier, Cincinnati State Technical and Community College

Candace Timpte, Georgia Gwinnett College

Nicholas Tippery, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater

xxxvi

Chris Todd, University of Saskatchewan

Kurt A. Toenjes, Montana State University, Billings

Jeffrey L. Travis, The University at Albany, The State University of New York

Stephen J. Trumble, Baylor University

Jan Trybula, The State University of New York at Potsdam

Cathy Tugmon, Georgia Regents University

Alexa Tullis, University of Puget Sound

Marsha Turell, Houston Community College

Pat Uelmen Huey, Georgia Gwinnett College

Steven M. Uyeda, Pima Community College

Rani Vajravelu, University of Central Florida

Moira van Staaden, Bowling Green State University

Dirk Vanderklein, Montclair State University

William Velhagen, Caldwell University

Sara Via, University of Maryland

Christopher Vitek, University of Texas, Pan American

Neal J. Voelz, St. Cloud State University

Mindy Walker, Rockhurst University

Andrea Ward, Adelphi University

Jennifer Ward, University of North Carolina at Asheville

Pauline Ward, Houston Community College

Alan Wasmoen, Metropolitan Community College

Elizabeth R. Waters, San Diego State University

Matthew Weand, Southern Polytechnic State University

K. Derek Weber, Raritan Valley Community College

Andrea Weeks, George Mason University

Charles Welsh, Duquesne University

Naomi L. B. Wernick, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Mary E. White, Southeastern Louisiana University

David Wilkes, Indiana University, South Bend

Frank Williams, Langara College

Kathy S. Williams, San Diego State University

Lisa D. Williams, Northern Virginia Community College

Christina Wills, Rockhurst University

Brian Wisenden, Minnesota State University, Moorhead

David Wolfe, American River College

Ramakrishna Wusirika, Michigan Technological University

G. Wyngaard, James Madison University

James R. Yount, Eastern Florida State College

Min Zhong, Auburn University

*Graduate student, Yale University Scientific Teaching Fellow