11.3 Review of Concepts

Conducting an Independent-Samples t Test

We use independent-samples t tests when we have two samples and different participants are in each sample. Because the samples are comprised of different people, we cannot calculate difference scores, so the comparison distribution is a distribution of differences between means. Because we are working with two separate samples of scores (rather one set of difference scores) when we conduct an independent-samples t test, we need additional steps to calculate an estimate of spread. As part of these steps, we calculate estimates of variance from each sample, and then combine them to create a pooled variance. We can present the statistics in APA style as we did with other hypothesis tests.

278

Beyond Hypothesis Testing

As with other forms of hypothesis testing, it is useful to replace or supplement the independent-samples t test with a confidence interval. A confidence interval can be created around a difference between means using a t distribution. To understand the importance of a finding, we must also calculate an effect size. With an independent-samples t test, as with other t tests, a common effect-size measure is Cohen’s d.

When the sample data suggest that the underlying population distribution is not normal and the sample size is small, we can use data transformation (such as a square root transformation) to transform skewed data into a more normal distribution.