Acknowledgments

As a new graduate student at Harvard, I heard from experienced teaching fellows that if you were interested in learning how to be an effective teacher, it was essential to seek out extraordinary mentors. Based on word of mouth, I became involved with E. O. Wilson’s course in Evolutionary Biology and Irven DeVore’s course in Human Behavioral Biology. Both were known to be unusually provocative, challenging, and entertaining classes for non-science majors. I aggressively pursued teaching positions in both classes—which I held onto tightly for twelve semesters. Working under these legendary educators, I was set on a course that inspired and prepared me to write this book.

The two courses were quite different from each other, but at their core both were built on two beliefs that are central to this book and to my thinking about education: (1) Biology is creative, interesting, and fun. (2) Biology is relevant to the daily life of every person. There was a palpable sense that, in teaching non-science majors especially, we had a responsibility to provide our students with the tools to thrive in a society increasingly permeated by scientific ideas and issues, and that one of our most effective strategies would be to convey the excitement we felt for biology and the enormous practical value it has to help us understand the world. I thank Professors Wilson and DeVore for all that they have shared with me.

My development as a scientist and, particularly, my appreciation for rigorous and methodical critical thinking have been shaped by the kind support and wise guidance of Richard Lewontin. I have also been fortunate to have as a long-time mentor and collaborator Michael Rose, who has instilled in me a healthy skepticism about any observation in life that is not fivefold replicated. And for almost daily insightful input on matters relating to scientific content, teaching, writing, and more, I thank Terry Burnham.

There are many other friends and colleagues I wish to thank for helping me with What Is Life?

In researching and writing the book and in developing the numerous courses I teach, I have benefited from more than a decade of perceptive and valuable contributions, too numerous to list, from Glenn Adelson, Alon Ziv, and Michael Cooperson. I am tremendously appreciative of all they have done for me.

For a project covering so many topics and years, it is essential to have a close group of trusted, tolerant, and knowledgeable colleagues. I am grateful to Alicia Moretti, Harold Owens, Greg Graffin, Brian Swartz, Greg Laden, Jeff Egger, Andy Tobias, Elisabeth Tobias, Joshua Malina, Melissa Merwin-Malina, Bill U’ren, Chris Bruno, and Michelle Richmond, who have offered advice, guidance, and support, far beyond the call of duty.

Numerous colleagues at UCLA provided assistance and support, including Steve Strand, Cliff Brunk, Fred Eiserling, Victoria Sork, Deb Pires, Lianna Johnson, Gaston Pfluegl, Frank Laski, Jeff Thomas, and Tracy Knox. As a result of their commitment to excellence in the UCLA Department of Life Science Core Education, I have been able to acquire a wealth of experiences that have helped me continue improving as a teacher.

I owe a tremendous debt to Sara Tenney, without whose encouragement and support this project could never have been begun or completed.

W. H. Freeman is an extremely author-centric publisher. Throughout the process of creating this book, Liz Widdicombe, John Sargent, and Susan Winslow have been tremendously supportive. I am grateful for their welcoming me into their publishing family. Publisher Peter Marshall has been a tenacious, versatile, and skillful manager of the entire team. I am very fortunate to have such a wise leader and friend overseeing all aspects of this project. The team of editors that worked with me on this book improved it immeasurably. Most importantly, development editor Beth Marsh oversaw every aspect of the writing and production of the book, attending to issues of content, production, and design while making insightful contributions throughout and expertly managing the thousand details necessary to put everything together. I could not have completed this book without Beth’s commitment and guidance. I must also convey my gratitude to development editor Jane Tufts, whose meticulous attention to detail, commitment to accuracy, and almost obsessive drive to create a thorough and readable book are apparent on every page.

It is impossible to teach biology without illustrations. My deepest gratitude goes to Tommy Moorman for creating such innovative and effective figures for the book. Tommy’s vision for an elegant and beautiful art program completely integrated with the text is apparent on every page. Working with him to develop each illustration in this book has been (and continues to be) one of my most enjoyable and satisfying professional collaborations. Thanks also go to Alison Kendall, Tamara Lau, and Erin Daniel for assisting with the creation of the illustrations. For the design of the book, I thank Tom Carling. And for excellent assistance with photo research, thanks to Julia Phelan, Jennifer Atkins, and Christine Buese.

For creating the innovative media and print materials that accompany the book, I am thankful for the contributions of Mike Jones and for the extensive input of Amanda Dunning and Elaine Palucki. I thank all of the contributors and advisors who helped create the student and instructor resources; your efforts have been invaluable. I thank Jennifer Warner and Meredith Norris for their work on the Student Success Guide. I also appreciate the contributions of Troy Williams and the PrepU team. Sheri Snavely provided significant input in developing pedagogical strategies throughout the book; I also appreciate her thoughtful and wise advice at nearly every step in the publishing process. Copyeditor Linda Strange helped to ensure consistency, accuracy, and readability throughout the text. The rest of the life sciences editorial team at W. H. Freeman, too, have been knowledgeable and supportive, particularly Anna Bristow, Lisa Samols, Susan Moran, Kate Parker, and Elaine Palucki. For their efficiency and commitment to producing a beautiful book, I am most grateful to the W. H. Freeman production team: Sheridan Sellers, Elizabeth Geller, Paul Rohloff, Diana Blume, and Catherine Woods.

XXVIII

The people on the marketing team at W. H. Freeman have contributed enormously in helping with the challenging task of introducing this book to students and instructors across the country. John Britch, Shannon Howard, and Todd Elder have been enthusiastic and dedicated in creating materials and strategies to assist instructors in evaluating the ways in which What Is Life? can aid them as they develop their own courses and strategies for success.

Finally, I thank my family—Kevin Phelan, Patrick Phelan, Erin Enderlin, and my parents—for their unwavering support and interest as I wrote this book. Reading draft after draft and following each revision, they made valuable contributions at every stage. I thank Charlie, Jack, and Sam, too. Most of all, for her generous and passionate support of this project from day one, her substantive contributions to both the content and presentation of ideas, and so much more, I thank Julia.

Contact the author with your feedback.

The content of this book has been greatly improved through the comments of reviewers and students. Your comments, suggestions, and criticism are also welcome; they are essential in guiding its ongoing evolution. Please contact the author at jay@jayphelan.com. I’m serious.

We thank the many reviewers who aided in the development of this text.

Third Edition Development

Mike Aaron, Shelton State Community College

Jyoti Abraham, Bacone College

Andrew Accardi, Central Carolina Technical College

Christa Adam, Prairie State College

Patricia Adams, Middlesex Community College

Adjoa Ahedor, Rose State College

Laura Almstead, University of Vermont

Dennis Ancinec, San Diego Mesa College

Eric Anderson, East Carolina University

Taylor Anderson-McGill, College of the Canyons

Corrie Andries, Central New Mexico Community College

Megan Anduri-Flynn, California State University, Fullerton

Jon Aoki, University of Houston–Downtown

Chander Arora, Los Angeles Valley College

Joe Arruda, Pittsburg State University

Momchil Atanassov, Texas Tech University

Kim Atwood, Cumberland University

Yael Avissar, Rhode Island College

Rao Ayyagari, Lindenwood University

Caryn Babaian, Bucks County Community College

Dave Bachoon, Georgia College and State University

Nina Baghai-Riding, Delta State University

Joseph Bailey, University of Tennessee

Michael Bailey, Anderson University

Robert Bailey, Central Michigan University

Ellen Baker, Santa Monica College

Andrew Baldwin, Mesa Community College

Sarah Bales, Moraine Valley Community College

Marilyn Banta, Texas State University

Don Bard, Cabrillo College

John Barone, Columbus State University

Verona Barr, Heartland Community College

Susan Barrett, Massasoit Community College; Bristol Community College

Lois Bartsch, Metropolitan Community College

Thomas David Bass, University of Central Oklahoma

Tonya Bates, University of North Carolina–Charlotte

David Baumgardner, Texas A&M University

Greg Beaulieu, University of Victoria

Bette Beck, Kent State University

Diane Beechinor, Northeast Lakeview College

Mark Belk, Brigham Young University

Rebecca Benard, Case Western Reserve University

Chipley Bennett, Spartanburg Community College

Morgan Benowitz-Fredericks, Bucknell University

Tiffany Bensen, University of Mississippi

Christine Bezotte, Elmira College

Cynthia Bida, Henry Ford Community College

Charles Biles, East Central University

Subhasis Biswas, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey

Donna Bivans, Pitt Community College

Benjie Blair, Jacksonville State University

Shean Blair, Yakima Valley Community College

Lisa Ann Blankinship, University of North Alabama

Lanh Bloodworth, Florida State College at Jacksonville

Judy Bluemer, Morton College

Lisa Boggs, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

Cheryl Boice, Florida Gateway College

Charles Booth, Eastern Connecticut State University

Aiwei Borengasser, Pulaski Technical College

Karen Borgstrom, Moraine Valley Community College

Susan Bornstein-Forst, Marian University

Bruno Borsari, Winona State University

Anthony Botyrius, York College of Pennsylvania

Lisa Boucher, University of Nebraska

Colin Bradshaw, Medgar Evers College

Linda Brandt, Henry Ford Community College

Susan Brantley, University of North Georgia; Gainesville State College

James Bray Jr, Blackburn College

Mimi Bres, Prince George’s Community College

Robert Brewer, Cleveland State Community College

Randy Brewton, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Peggy Brickman, University of Georgia

Heather Brown, Seattle University

Wendy Brown, Danville Area Community College

Carole Browne, Wake Forest University

Steven Brumbaugh, Green River Community College

Lisa Bryant, Arkansas State University–Beebe

Pam Bryer, Bowdoin College

Michael Bucher, College of San Mateo

Diep Burbridge, Long Beach City College

Jamie Burchill, Troy University

Stephanie Burdett, Brigham Young University

Rebecca Burton, Alverno College

Jack Buser, Iowa Central Community College

Greg Butcher, Centenary College of Louisiana

David Butler, Montana State University–Billings

Nancy Butler, Kutztown University

Pamela Byrd-Williams, Los Angeles Valley College

David Byres, Florida State College at Jacksonville

William Caire, University of Central Oklahoma

Karen Campbell, Albright College

Britt Canada, Western Texas College

Cassandra Cantrell, Western Kentucky University

Laurel Carney-Zelko, Joliet Junior College

Tate Carter, Brigham Young University–Idaho

Dale Casamatta, University of North Florida

Aaron Cassill, University of Texas at San Antonio

Emma Castro, Victor Valley College

Maitreyee Chandra, Diablo Valley College

Jeannie Chapman, University of South Carolina Upstate

Rebekah Chapman, Georgia State University

Kerry Cheesman, Capital University

Jianguo Chen, Claflin University

XXIX

Samuel Chen, Moraine Valley Community College

Xiaomei Cheng, Mount St. Mary College

Catherine Chia, University of Nebraska

Mark Chiappone, Miami Dade College–Homestead Campus

Genevieve Chung, Broward College

Patricia Clark, Indiana University–Purdue University at Indianapolis

Kimberly Cline-Brown, University of Northern Iowa

Lisa Cobb, Cumberland University

Randy Cohen, California State University, Northridge

Ronald Coleman, California State University, Sacramento

Karen Conzelman, Glendale Community College

Sean Cooney, Montgomery College

Jennifer Cooper, University of Akron

Sarah Cooper, Arcadia University

Bryan Coppedge, Tulsa Community College

Jaimee Corbet, Paradise Valley Community College

Andrea Corbett, Cleveland State University

Clay Corbin, Bloomsburg University

Susan Cordova, Central New Mexico Community College

David Corey, Midlands Technical College

Andrew Corless, Vincennes University

Anthony Cornett, Polk State College

Richard Cowart, Coastal Bend College

Keith Crandall, George Washington University

Michael Crandell, Carl Sandburg College

Jerry Cronin, Salem Community College

Stephen Cronin, Ave Maria University

Jan Crook-Hill, University of North Georgia

Roni Crotty, Tarrant County College

James Crowder, Brookdale Community College

Karen Curto, University of Pittsburgh

Don Dailey, Austin Peay State University

Karen Dalton, Community College of Baltimore County

Hattie Dambroski, Nomandale Community College

Melody Danley, University of Kentucky

Juville Dario-Becker, Central Virginia Community College

Douglas Darnowski, Indiana University Southeast

Pradeep Dass, Appalachian State University

Rachel Davenport, Texas State University

Renee Dawson, University of Utah

Denise Deal, Nassau Community College

Carolyn Dehlinger, Keiser University

Leigh Delaney-Tucker, University of South Alabama

Craig Denesha, Spartanburg Community College

Phil Denette, Delgado Community College

Daniela Derderian, Wayland Baptist University

Mary Dettman, Seminole State College of Florida

Gregg Dieringer, Northwest Missouri State University

Jessica DiGirolamo, Broward College

Mary Dion, St. Louis Community College–Meramec

Wendy Dixon, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tiffany Doan, State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota

Pamela Dobbins, Shelton State Community College

Cathy Dobbs, Joliet Junior College

Danielle Dodenhoff, California State University, Bakersfield

Melinda Donnelly, University of Central Florida

Robert Dotson, Tulane University

Kristin Dragos, Marist College

Sondra Dubowsky, McLennan Community College

Dani DuCharme, Waubonsee Community College

Erastus Dudley, Huntingdon College

Lisa Duich Perry, Chaminade University of Honolulu

Jacquelyn Duke, Baylor University

Cindy Duong, California State University, Fullerton

Joseph Eagan, SUNY Adirondack

George Ealy, Keiser University

Kari Eamma, Tarrant County College–Northeast

Angela Edwards, Trident Technical College

Stan Eisen, Christian Brothers University

Jennifer Ellington, Belmont Abbey College

Whitney Elmore, Middle Georgia State College

Ray Emmett, Daytona State College

Miles Engell, North Carolina State University

Amy Erickson, Louisiana State University in Shreveport

Debra Erikson, Allen Community College

Ana Escandon, Los Angeles Harbor College

Marirose Ethington, Genesee Community College

Greg Farley, Chesapeake College

Maureen Farley, North Shore Community College

Gerald Farr, Texas State University–San Marcos

Myriam Feldman, Lake Washington Institute of Technology

Michael Ferkin, University of Memphis

Victor Fet, Marshall University

Steven Fields, Winthrop University

Kerri Finlay, University of Regina

Mary Beth Finn, Herzing University

Thomas Finnegan, Dunwoody College of Technology

Linda Flora, Delaware County Community College

Patricia Flower, San Diego Miramar College

April Ann Fong, Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

Donald Fontes, Community College of Rhode Island

James Forbes, Hampton University

Charlene Forest, Brooklyn College of City University of New York

Reza Forough, Bellevue College

Brandon Foster, Wake Technical Community College

Michael Fox, SUNY–The College at Brockport

Ellen France, Georgia College and State University

Bettina Francis, University of Illinois

Barbara Frank, Idaho State University–Idaho Falls

Jennifer Fritz, University of Texas at Austin

Jonathan Frye, McPherson College

Susannah Fulton, Shasta College

Cynthia Galloway, Texas A&M Kingsville

Chunlei Gao, Middlesex Community College

Kelley Gaske, South University

Clayton (Ed) Gasque, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point

Chad Gatlin, Indian Hills Community College

Tom Gehring, Central Michigan University

Carrie Geisbauer, Moorpark College

Zoe Geist, St. Louis Community College

Deborah Gelman, Pace University

Bagie George, Georgia Gwinnett College

Patricia Geppert, University of Texas at San Antonio

Philip Gerard, University of Maine, Rockland College

Kadrin Getman, Blue Ridge Community College

Julie Gibbs, College of DuPage

Diane Gibson, Kentucky Community Technical College, Hazard

Philip Gibson, Gwinnett Technical College

Paul Gier, Huntingdon College

Catherine Gilbert, University of California, Merced

Richard Gill, Brigham Young University

Amy Glaser, Erie Community College

Melissa Glenn, Broome Community College

Mary Gobbett, University of Indianapolis

Jan Goerrissen, Orange Coast College

Andrew Goliszek, North Carolina A&T State University

Brad Goodbar, College of the Sequoias

Amy Goode, Illinois Central College

Dalton Gossett, Louisiana State University in Shreveport

Tamar Goulet, University of Mississippi

Becky Graham, Ohio Dominican University

Jen Grant, University of Wisconsin–Stout

Sherri Graves, Sacramento City College

Madoka Gray-Mitsumune, Concordia University

Melissa Greene, Northwest Mississippi Community College

Suzanna Gribble, Grove City College

John Griffis, Joliet Junior College

Carole Griffiths, Long Island University

Brad Griggs, Piedmont Technical College

Tim Grogan, Valencia College–Osceola Campus

Deann Grossi, The Illinois Institute of Art

Laine Gurley, Harper College

Carla Guthridge, Cameron University

Ghislaine Guyot Jackson, Keiser University

Sue Habeck, Tacoma Community College

Nick Hackett, Moraine Valley Community College

Cheryl Hackworth, West Valley College

Mark Haefele, Community College of Denver

William Hairston, Harrisburg Area Community College

Kristy Halverson, University of Southern Mississippi

Michael Hamed, Virginia Highlands Community College

Pamela Hanratty, Indiana University–Bloomington

Katy Hansen, Bismarck State College

Shari Harden, Metropolitan Community College–Blue River

Joyce Hardy, Chadron State College

Janelle Hare, Morehead State University

John Harley, Eastern Kentucky University

Olivia Harriott, Fairfield University

Katherine Harris, Hartnell College

J. Scott Harrison, Georgia Southern University

Jay Hatch, University of Minnesota

Keith Hench, Kirkwood Community College

Krista Henderson, California State University–Fullerton

Scottie Henderson, Cerritos College

J. L. Henriksen, Bellevue University

Deborah Henry, Coastline Community College

John Hnida, Peru State College

Gloria Hoffman, Morgan State University

Kirsten Hokeness, Bryant University

Amy Hollingsworth, University of Akron

Tina Hopper, Missouri State University

Jane Horlings, Saddleback College

Vanessa Hormann, Broward College

Harold Horn, Lincoln Land Community College

Kris Horn, DeVry University

Anne-Marie Hoskinson, University of Colorado–Boulder

XXX

Laurie Host, Harford Community College

Laura Houston, Northeast Lakeview College

Steve (Robert) Howard, Middle Tennessee State University

Carina Howell, Lock Haven University

Kenny Hudiburg, Fort Scott Community College

Joan Hudson, Sam Houston State University

Vicki Huffman, Potomac State College of West Virginia University

Kimberly Hurd, Bakersfield College

Joseph Husband, Florida State College at Jacksonville

Cynthia Hutton, Northland Pioneer College

Jeba Inbarasu, Metropolitan Community College, South Omaha Campus

Anthony Ippolito, DePaul University

Virginia Irintcheva, Black Hawk College

Kamal Islam, Ball State University

Robert Iwan, Inver Hills Community College

Evelyn Jackson, University of Mississippi

Kristin Jacobson, Illinois Central College

Kathleen Janech, College of Charleston

David Jenkins, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Dianne Jennings, Virginia Commonwealth University

Jamie Jensen, Brigham Young University

Bradley Jett, Oklahoma Baptist University

Carl Johansson, Fresno City College

Mitrick Johns, Northern Illinois University

Keith Johnson, Bradley University

Kelly Johnson, Somerset Community College

Kristy Johnson, The Citadel

Robert Johnson, Pierce College

Staci Johnson, Southern Wesleyan University

Tanganika Johnson, Southern University and A&M College

Gail Jones, Texas Christian University

Gregory Jones, Santa Fe College

Ken Jones, Dyersburg State Community College

Kevin Jones, Charleston Southern University

Jacqueline Jordan, Clayton State University

Glenn Kageyama, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Ron Kaltreider, York College of Pennsylvania

Lisa Kaplan, Quinnipiac University

Arnold Karpoff, University of Louisville

Judy Kaufman, Monroe Community College

Jerry Kavouras, Lewis University

Joanna Kazmierczak, Community College of Allegheny County

Dawn Keller, Hawkeye Community College

Kristopher Kelley, University of Louisiana at Monroe

Tonya Kerschner, Butler Community College

Moshe Khurgel, Bridgewater College

Amine Kidane, Columbus State Community College

Michael Kiel, Marywood University

Brandon King, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Kevin Kinney, DePauw University

Dennis Kitz, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

Mark Knauss, Georgia Highlands College

Jennifer Kneafsey, Tulsa Community College

Nighat Kokan, Cardinal Stritch University

Olga Kopp, Utah Valley University

Mary Korte, Concordia University Wisconsin

Anna Koshy, Houston Community College

Melissa Kosinski-Collins, Brandeis University

Karen Koster, University of South Dakota

Peter Kourtev, Carnegie Mellon University

Karen Kowalski, Tidewater Community College

Dennis Kraichely, Cabrini College

Brian Kram, Prince George’s Community College

Rene Kratz, Everett Community College

David Krauss, City University of New York

Joe Kremer, Alvernia University

Tim Kreps, Bridgewater College

Nadine Kriska, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Dana Kurpius, Elgin Community College

Kim Lackey, University of Alabama

Katherine LaCommare, Lansing Community College

Troy Ladine, East Texas Baptist University

Archana Lal, Independence Community College

Kevin Lam, Alexander College

Ellen Lamb, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Kirkwood Land, University of the Pacific

Gary Lange, Saginaw Valley State University

Patrick Larkin, Santa Fe College

Liz Lawrence, Miles Community College

Tyler Lawson, Baldwin-Wallace University

Brenda Leady, University of Toledo

Lorraine Leiser, Southeast Community College

Laurie Len, El Camino College

Andrea LeSchack, Trident Technical College

Suzanne Lewis, Truckee Meadows Community College

Harvey Liftin, Broward College

Tammy Liles, Bluegrass Community and Technical College

Debra Linton, Central Michigan University

Kathryn Lipson, Western New England University

Robert Lishak, Auburn University

Cynthia Littlejohn, University of Southern Mississippi

Jason Locklin, Temple College

Suzanne Long, Monroe Community College

David Loring, Johnson County Community College

David Luther, George Mason University

Margaret Lutze, DePaul University

Kimberly Lyle-Ippolito, Anderson University

Cyrus MacFoy, Montgomery College

William Mackay, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

Tom Maida, Santa Fe College

Margaret Major, Georgia Perimeter College

Charles Mallery, University of Miami

Cindy Malone, California State University, Northridge

Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College

Lisa Maranto, Prince George’s Community College

Brian Maricle, Fort Hays State University

Marlee Marsh, Columbia College

Paul Marshall, Middlesex Community College

David Martin, Tacoma Community College, Centralia College

Sharon Marusiak, Cuyahoga Community College

Roy Mason, Mt. San Jacinto College

James McCandless, Methodist University

John McDonald, University of Delaware

Tara McGoey, Canadore College

Joan McKearnan, Anoka Ramsey Community College

Karen McLellan, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne

Margaret McMichael, Baton Rouge Community College

Brock McMillan, Brigham Young University

Daniel Meer, Cardinal Stritch University

Karen Meisch, Austin Peay State University

Sandi Melkonian, Eastern Florida State College

Maryanne Menvielle, California State University, Fullerton

John Mersfelder, Sinclair Community College

Jennifer Metzler, Ball State University

Heather Miceli, Johnson and Wales University

James Mickle, North Carolina State University

Jessica Miles, Palm Beach State College

Craig Milgrim, Grossmont College

Sheila Miracle, Southeast Kentucky Community & Technical College

Jeanne Mitchell, Truman State University

Par Mohammadian, Los Angeles Mission College

Robert Moldenhauer, St. Clair County Community College

Charles Molnar, Camosun College

Thomas Montagno, Mount Wachusett Community College

Scott Moody, Ohio University

Vertigo Moody, Santa Fe College

Brenda Moore, Truman State University

Frances Moore, Patrick Henry Community College

Jeanelle Morgan, University of North Georgia

Erin Morrey, Georgia Perimeter College

Esther Muehlbauer, Queens College

Tim Mulkey, Indiana State University

John Mull, Weber State University

Catherine Murphy, Ocean County College

Christine Mutiti, Georgia College and State University

Elizabeth Nash, Long Beach City College

Rocky Nation, Southern Wesleyan University

Dana Newton, College of The Albemarle

Necia Nicholas, Calhoun Community College

Zia Nisani, Antelope Valley College

Louise Mary Nolan, Middlesex Community College

Meredith Norris, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Deanna Noyes, Dallas Baptist University

Richard Nuckels, Austin Community College

Judith Ogilvie, St. Louis University

Olumide Ogunmosin, Houston Community College

Katrina Olsen, University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh

Laura O’Riorden, Tallahassee Community College

Joshua Osborn, Henry Ford College

Cassandra Osborne, Western State Colorado University

Mary O’Sullivan, Elgin Community College

Kathleen Page, Bucknell University

David Palmer, Motlow State Community College

Laura Palmer, Penn State Altoona

Joshua Parker, Clayton State University

Ann Paterson, Williams Baptist College

Bruce Patterson, University of Arizona, Tucson

James Peliska, Ave Maria University

Kathleen Pelkki, Saginaw Valley State University

Clayton Penniman, Central Connecticut State University

Marc Perkins, Orange Coast College

Micah Perkins, Owensboro Community and Technical College

Beverly Perry, Houston Community College

Irene Perry, University of Texas of the Permian Basin

John Peters, College of Charleston

Angela Petitclerc, Bishop’s University

Stacy Pfluger, Angelina College

Susan Phillips, Brevard Community College

Don Plantz, Mohave Community College

John Pleasants, Iowa State University

Michael Plotkin, Mt. San Jacinto College

Angela Porta, Kean University

Dan Porter, Amarillo College

Kumkum Prabhakar, Nassau Community College

Saroj Pramanik, Morgan State University

Heather Prestridge, Blinn College

XXXI

Shaun Prince, Lake Region State College

Dorothy Puckett, Kilgore College

Charles Pumpuni, Northern Virginia Community College

Chittur Radhakrishnan, Santa Fe College

Jeffery Ray, University of North Alabama

Mario Raya, MassBay Community College

Samir Raychoudhury, Benedict College

Amy Reber, Georgia State University

Timothy Redman, SUNY Sullivan

Nick Reeves, Mt. San Jacinto College

Rob Reinsvold, University of Northern Colorado

Erin Rempala, San Diego City College

Ashley Rhodes, Kansas State University

Eugenia Ribeiro-Hurley, Fordham University

Stanley Rice, Southeastern Oklahoma State University

Brenden Rickards, Gloucester County College

Allison Rober, Ball State University

Leah Roesch, Emory University

Karen Rogowski, Baruch College

Peggy Rolfsen, Cincinnati State Technical and Community College

Chris Romero, Front Range Community College–Larimer Campus

Lori Rose, Sam Houston State University

Sadie Rosenthal, Cascadia Community College

Judy Rosovsky, Johnson State College

Hiranya Roychowdhury, New Mexico State University–Doña Ana Community College

Yelena Rudayeva, Palm Beach State College

Lynn Rumfelt, Gordon College

Heather Rushforth, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Lynette Rushton, South Puget Sound Community College

Michael Rutledge, Middle Tennessee State University

Kim Sadler, Middle Tennessee State University

Stephen Salek, Fayetteville State University

Sydha Salihu, West Virginia University

Shamili Sandiford, College of DuPage

Georgianna Saunders, Missouri State University

Michael Sawey, Texas Christian University

Michael Scanlon, Cornell University

John Schampel, Phoenix Community College

Anna Schmidt, University of Wisconsin–Platteville

Emily Schmitt, Nova Southeastern University

Doreen Schroeder, University of St. Thomas

Malcolm Schug, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Jennifer Scoby, Illinois Central College

Craig Scott, Clarion University

Michael Scott, Lincoln University

Erik Scully, Towson University

Robin Searles-Adenegan, University of Maryland University College

Pramila Sen, Houston Community College

Carla Serfas, Henry Ford Community College

Brian Seymour, Edward Waters College

Wallace Sharif, Morehouse College

Elizabeth Sharpe-Aparicio, Blinn College

Dave Sheldon, St. Clair County Community College

Marilyn Shopper, Johnson County Community College

Mark Shotwell, Slippery Rock University

Allan Showalter, Ohio University

Eric Shows, Jones County Junior College

Jack Shurley, Idaho State University

Amanda Simmons, Technical College of the Lowcountry

Jeffrey Simmons, Mount St. Mary’s University

Derek Sims, Hopkinsville Community College

Michael Small, Texas State University

Jennifer Smith, Triton College

Rob Smith, McHenry County College

Tom Smith, Brigham Young University

William Smith, Wake Forest University

Anna Bess Sorin, University of Memphis

Kathryn Sparace, Tri-County Technical College

Salvatore Sparace, Clemson University

Ashley Spring, Brevard Community College; Eastern Florida State College

William Sproat, Walters State Community College

Brooke Stabler, University of Central Oklahoma

Sonja Stampfler, Kellogg Community College

Sharon Standridge, Middle Georgia State College

Wendy Stankovich, University of Wisconsin–Platteville

John Starnes, Somerset Community College

Nancy Staub, Gonzaga University

Thomas Stege, Austin Community College

Mikel Stevens, Brigham Young University

Jon Stoltzfus, Michigan State University

Lisa Strong, Northwest Mississippi Community College

Irina Stroup, Shasta College

Julie Stupi, Lakeland Community College

Aaron Sullivan, Houghton College

Susan Sullivan, Louisiana State University at Alexandria

Qiang Sun, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point

Kirby Swenson, Middle Georgia College

Joyce Tamashiro, University of Puget Sound

David Tapley, Salem State University

Tatiana Tatum Parker, St. Xavier University

Kimberly Taugher, Diablo Valley College

Mike Taylor, Santiago Canyon College

Shervia Taylor, Southern University

Franklyn Te, Miami Dade College

Don Terpening, Ulster County Community College

Pamela Thinesen, Century College

Jeffrey Thomas, Queens University of Charlotte

Anna Thompson, Feather River College

Jamey Thompson, Hudson Valley Community College

Rita Thrasher, Pensacola State College

Nina Thumser, Edinboro University of Pennsylvania

Candace Timpte, Georgia Gwinnett College

Jonathan Titus, SUNY Fredonia

Anne Tokazewski, Burlington County College

Robert Tompkins, Belmont Abbey College

Willetta Toole-Simms, Azusa Pacific University

Michelle Tremblay, Georgia Southern University

Dan Trubovitz, San Diego Miramar College

Anh-Hue Tu, Georgia Southwestern State University

Marsha Turell, Houston Community College

Corey Turner, Lone Star College

Muatasem Ubeidat, Southwestern Oklahoma State University

Sophia Ushinsky, Concordia University

Jagan Valluri, Marshall University

Tom Vance, Navarro College

Pete van Dyke, Walla Walla Community College

Eric Vaught, Northwest Arkansas Community College

Jose Vazquez, New York University

Leticia Vega, Barry University

Aggie Veld, Olivet Nazarene University

William Velhagen, New York University

Uma Vithala, Des Moines Area Community College

Jennifer Vlk, Elgin Community College

Ann Vogelmann, Augustana College

Amie Voorhees, Fresno City College

Walt Wagner, Rowan University

Katherine Warpeha, University of Illinois Chicago

Kathy Webb, Bucks County Community College

Colby Weeks, Brigham Young University–Hawaii

Charles Welsh, Duquesne University

Michael Wenzel, Folsom Lake College

Alexander Werth, Hampden-Sydney College

Alicia Whatley, Troy University

Clay White, Lone Star College–CyFair

Jennifer Wiatrowski, Pasco-Hernando Community College

Rachel Wiechman, West Liberty University

Torelen Winbush, Westwood College

Donnell Young, Waubonsee Community College

John Zamora, Middle Tennessee State University

Lara Zerkowski, Albright College

Ted Zerucha, Appalachian State University

Brenda Zink, Northeastern Junior College

Contributors and Advisors

Instructor’s Manual—Classroom Catalysts

Verona A. Barr, Heartland Community College

Stephen M. Gómez, Central New Mexico Community College

Paul H. Marshall, Northern Essex Community College

Exploring Biology: Case Studies

Michelle Cawthorn, Georgia Southern University

Jennifer L. Holzman, Emory University

Figure Conversion Engine

Ann Aguanno, Marymount Manhattan College

Hands-On Biology: Laboratories for Distance Learning

Mimi Bres, Cassandra Moore-Crawford, and Arnold Weisshaar, Prince George’s Community College (all)

Image Bank Advisor

Jane J. Henry, Baton Rouge Community College

Keynote Lecture Presentation

Michael C. Bucher, College of San Mateo

PowerPoint Lecture Outlines

Kristen L. Curran, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater

Danielle DuCharme, Waubonsee Community College

Jennifer Lange, Chabot College

Mark S. Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College

Prep-U Instructor’s Test Bank and Prep-U for Students

Glenn Adelson, Lake Forrest College

Jay Phelan, University of California, Los Angeles

Alon Ziv, Prep-U

Student Worksheets

Michael C. Bucher, College of San Mateo

Active Learning Lecture Outlines

Kristen L. Curran, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

Mark S. Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College

Bio 101 Tutorials

Amy Horner-Reber, Georgia State University

Kavita Oommen, Georgia State University

Biology Connections Articles

Amy Coombs

Paul H. Marshall, Northern Essex Community College