1.What is the difference between a transition and a transversion? Which type of base substitution is more common?

2.Briefly describe expanding nucleotide repeats.

3.What is the difference between a missense mutation and a nonsense mutation? A silent mutation and a neutral mutation?

4.Briefly describe two different ways in which intragenic suppressors can reverse the effects of mutations.

5.How do insertions and deletions arise?

6.How do base analogs lead to mutations?

7.What is the purpose of the Ames test? How are his^– bacteria used in this test?

8.What general characteristics are found in many transposable elements?

9.Describe the differences between replicative and nonreplicative transposition.

10.What is a retrotransposon and how does it move?

11.List at least three different types of DNA repair and briefly explain how each is carried out.