nucleotide

Chargaff’s rules

transforming principle

isotope

X-ray diffraction

ribose

deoxyribose

nitrogenous base

purine

pyrimidine

adenine (A)

guanine (G)

cytosine (C)

thymine (T)

uracil (U)

nucleoside

phosphate group

deoxyribonucleotide

ribonucleotide

phosphodiester linkage

polynucleotide strand

5′ end

3′ end

antiparallel

complementary DNA strands

B-DNA

A-DNA

Z-DNA

transcription

translation

replication

central dogma

reverse transcription

RNA replication

supercoiling

relaxed state

positive supercoiling

negative supercoiling

topoisomerase

nucleoid

euchromatin

heterochromatin

nonhistone chromosomal protein

nucleosome

linker DNA

epigenetic changes (epigenetics)

telomeric sequence

shelterin

C-value

C-value paradox

unique-sequence DNA

gene family

repetitive DNA

moderately repetitive DNA

tandem repeat sequence

interspersed repeat sequence

short interspersed element (SINE)

long interspersed element (LINE)

highly repetitive DNA