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Following is an overview of common types of sources cited in a speech, the specific citation elements to mention, and examples of how you might refer to these elements in a presentation. Note that each example includes a source qualifier describing the source’s qualifications to address the topic (“Pulitzer Prize–winning author,” “pioneering researcher”). Including a source qualifier can make the difference between winning or losing acceptance for your supporting material.
BOOK
If a book has two or fewer authors, state first and last names, source qualifier, title, and date of publication. If three or more authors, state first and last name of first author and “coauthors.”
Example: In the book 1948: The First Arab-Israeli War, published in 2008, noted Israeli historian Benny Morris claims that . . .
Example: Example: In The Civic Potential of Video Games, published in published in 2009, Joseph Kahne, noted professor of education and director of the Civic Education Research Group at Mills College, and his two coauthors, both educators, wrote that . . .
REFERENCE WORK
For a reference work (e.g., atlas, directory, encyclopedia, almanac), note title, date of publication, author or sponsoring organization, and source qualifier.
Example: According to 2012 Literary Marketplace, the foremost guide to the U.S. book publishing industry, Karen Hallard and her coeditors report that . . .
PRINT ARTICLE
When citing from a print article, use the same guidelines as you do for a book.
Example: In an article published in the May 2010 edition of Atlantic Monthly magazine, Marc Ambider, a journalist and political editor of the Atlantic Monthly, outlines the epidemic of obesity in the United States and describes his own decision to have bariatric surgery. . . .
ONLINE-ONLY MAGAZINE, NEWSPAPER, JOURNAL
Follow the same guidelines as for a book, and identify the publication as “online magazine,” “online newspaper,” or “online journal.”
Example: Environmental columnist Nina Shen Rastogi, writing on the socioeconomic arguments against genetically modified crops in the May 18, 2010, edition of the online magazine Slate . . .
ORGANIZATION WEB SITE
Name the Web site, source qualifier, and section of Web site cited (if applicable), and last update.
Example: On its Web site, last updated September 10, 2012, the Society of Interventional Radiology explains that radio waves are harmless to healthy cells. . . .
If Web site content is undated or not regularly updated, review the site for credibility before use, using the criteria listed on pp. 76–77.
WEBLOG (“BLOG”)
Name the blogger, source qualifier, affiliated Web site (if applicable), and date of posting.
Example: In a July 8, 2011, posting on Talking Points Memo, a news blog that specializes in original reporting on government and politics, editor Josh Marshall notes that . . .
TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAM
Name the program, segment, reporter, source qualifier, and date aired.
Example: Judy Woodruff, PBS Newshour co-anchor, described in a segment on the auto industry aired on June 2, 2011 . . .
ONLINE VIDEO
Name the online video source, program, segment, source qualifier, and date aired (if applicable).
Example: In a session on “What’s Next for Mindfulness” delivered at the University of California, Berkeley’s Greater Good Science Center on April 20, 2010, and broadcast on YouTube, Jon Kabat-Zinn, scientist, renowned author, and founding director of the Stress Reduction Clinic . . .
TESTIMONY (LAY OR EXPERT)
Name the person, source qualifier, context in which information was offered, and date information was offered.
Example: On August 3, 2011, in congressional testimony before the Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs, Nancy E. Lundborg, USAID Assistant Administrator, Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, addressed the humanitarian crisis in the Horn of Africa.
INTERVIEW AND OTHER PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Name the person, source qualifier, and date of the interview/correspondence/e-mail/memorandum.
Example: In an interview I conducted last week, Tim Zeutenhorst, Chairman of the Orange City Area Health System Board, at Orange City Hospital in Iowa, said . . .
Example: In a June 23 e-mail/letter/memorandum from Ron Jones, a researcher at the Cleveland Institute . . .
For examples of how to cite different types of supporting materials, including facts and statistics, see Table 11.1.
| TYPES OF SUPPORTING MATERIALS | SAMPLE ORAL CITATION |
|---|---|
| EXAMPLES (real or hypothetical) | “One example of a fiscally effective charity is Lance Armstrong’s Livestrong Foundation. According to the Foundation’s Annual Report, in 2012 the Livestrong Challenge events raised . . .” |
| STORIES | “In J. R. R. Tolkien’s classic trilogy, The Lord of the Rings, a young Hobbit boy named Frodo . . .” |
| TESTIMONY (expert or lay) | “Dr. Mary Klein, a stem-cell researcher from the Brown University School of Medicine, echoed this sentiment when she spoke last Monday at the Public Health Committee meeting . . .” |
| FACTS | “According to the Farmer’s Almanac, published every year since 1818, originally the phrase ‘blue moon’ referred to the second of two full moons appearing in a single month.” |
| STATISTICS | “Data from the U.S. Census Bureau, which produces national population estimates annually using the latest available data on births, deaths, and international migration, indicates that in 2012, there was one birth every . . .” |
Credit Sources in Presentation Aids
Just as you acknowledge the ideas of others in the verbal portion of your speech, be sure to credit such material used in any accompanying presentation aids. When reproducing copyrighted material, such as a table or photograph, clearly label it with a copyright symbol (©) and the source information. Even if it is not copyrighted, supporting material listed on a visual aid may require citation. You may cite this material orally, print the citation unobtrusively on the aid, or both.