Illustration Credits

Table of Contents Page xvi: © Pat O’Hara/Corbis. Page xvii: © David M. Phillips/Science Source. Page xix: David McIntyre. Page xx: © Greg Dale/National Geographic Society/Corbis. Page xxii: © PjrStudio/Alamy. Page xxiii: © Eye of Science/Science Source. Pages xxiv, xxvi: David McIntyre. Page xxvii: © Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures. Page xxx: © Robert Pickett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page xxxii: © Andy Rouse/Corbis. Page xxxiii: © Wild Wonders of Europe/O. Haarberg/Naturepl.com.

Part 1 Opener (page 17): © Biophoto Associates/Science Source.

Part 2 Opener (page 128): © corfield/Alamy.

Part 3 Opener (page 297): © George Grall/National Geographic Society/Corbis.

Part 4 Opener (page 377): © David Fleetham/Alamy.

Part 5 Opener (page 520): © Titti Soldati/Alamy.

Part 6 Opener (page 604): © blickwinkel/Alamy.

Part 7 Opener (page 844): © Piotr Naskrecki/Minden Pictures/Corbis.

Chapter 1 Opener: © Lee Grismer. 1.2: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 1.3A: © Armands Pharyos/Alamy. 1.3B: © Jane Gould/Alamy. 1.5 Biosphere: NASA images by Reto Stöckli, based on data from NASA and NOAA. 1.10A: © Life on white/Alamy. 1.10B: © Stockbroker xtra/AGE Fotostock. 1.10C: © Michael Doolittle/Alamy. 1.10D: © Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 1.12: From T. Hayes et al., 2003. Environ. Health Perspect. 111: 568.

Chapter 2 Opener: Courtesy of NASA/JPL. 2.10C left: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 2.10C center: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 2.10C right: © Barry King/Biological Photo Service. Page 23: © EpicStockMedia/istock. Page 24: © Kuttelvaserova Stuchelova/Shutterstock. Page 30: David McIntyre.

Chapter 3 Opener: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 3.9: Data from PDB 3LPO. L. Sim et al., 2010. J. Biol. Chem. 285: 17763. 3.15: Data from PDB 1IG8 (P. R. Kuser et al., 2000. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 20814) and 1BDG (A. M. Mulichak et al., 1998 Nat. Struct. Biol. 5: 555). 3.24: Data from PDB 1PTH. P. J. Loll et al., 1995. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2: 637.

Chapter 4 Opener: Courtesy of Tom Deerinck and Mark Ellisman of the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research at the University of California at San Diego. 4.1: After N. Campbell, 1990. Biology, 2nd Ed., Benjamin Cummings. 4.1 Protein: Data from PDB 1IVM. T. Obita, T. Ueda, & T. Imoto, 2003. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60: 176. 4.1 T4: © Dept. of Microbiology, Biozentrum/SPL/Science Source. 4.1 Organelle: © E.H. Newcomb & W.P. Wergin/Biological Photo Service. 4.1 Bacterium: © Jim Biddle/Centers for Disease Control. 4.1 Plant cells: © Carolina K. Smith/Shutterstock. 4.1 Butterfly egg, Butterfly: David McIntyre. 4.1 Human: © East/Shutterstock. 4.1 Redwood: © urosr/Shutterstock. 4.3A Light microscope: © Olaf Doering/Alamy. 4.3A Light micrograph: © Carolina K. Smith/Shutterstock. 4.3A Electron microscope: © Enzo/AGE Fotostock. 4.3A Electron micrograph: © SERCOMI/AGE Fotostock. 4.4 ER: From Y. Mizutani et al., 2001. J. Cell Sci. 114: 3727. 4.4 Mitochondria: From L. Argaud et al., 2004. Cardiovasc. Res. 61: 115. 4.4 Nuclei: Reproduced with permission from Y. Mizutani et al., 2001. J. Cell Sci. 114: 3727. 4.5: © J. J. Cardamone Jr. & B. K. Pugashetti/Biological Photo Service. 4.6A: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 4.6B: Courtesy of David DeRosier, Brandeis U. 4.7 Mitochondrion: © K. Porter, D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 4.7 Cytoskeleton: © Don Fawcett, John Heuser/Science Source. 4.7 Nucleolus: © Richard Rodewald/Biological Photo Service. 4.7 Peroxisome: © E. H. Newcomb & S. E. Frederick/Biological Photo Service. 4.7 Cell wall: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 4.7 Ribosome: From M. Boublik et al., 1990. The Ribosome, p. 177. Courtesy of American Society for Microbiology. 4.7 Centrioles: © Conly L. Rieder/Biological Photo Service. 4.7 Plasma membrane: Courtesy of J. David Robertson, Duke U. Medical Center. 4.7 Rough ER: © Don Fawcett/Science Source. 4.7 Smooth ER: © Don Fawcett, D. Friend/Science Source. 4.7 Chloroplast: © E.H. Newcomb & W.P. Wergin/Biological Photo Service. 4.7 Golgi apparatus: Courtesy of L. Andrew Staehelin, U. Colorado. 4.9: © Sanders/Biological Photo Service. 4.10: Courtesy of Vic Small, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Salzburg, Austria. 4.11A upper: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 4.11A lower, 4.11B: © W. L. Dentler/Biological Photo Service. 4.13: From N. Pollock et al., 1999. J. Cell Biol. 147: 493. Courtesy of R. D. Vale. 4.14: © micro_photo/istock. 4.15: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 4.16 left: © Dr. Donald Fawcett & D. Friend/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 4.16 upper right: From J. A. Buckwalter & L. Rosenberg, 1983. Coll. Rel. Res. 3: 489. Courtesy of L. Rosenberg. 4.16 lower right: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 4.18 Tight junction: © Barry F. King/Biological Photo Service. 4.18 Desmosome: Courtesy of Darcy E. Kelly, U. Washington. 4.18 Gap junction: Courtesy of C. Peracchia. 4.19: Courtesy of Janet Iwasa, Szostak group, MGH/Harvard. Page 65: From Y.-L. Shih, T. Le, and L. Rothfield. 2003. PNAS USA 100: 7865. Courtesy of L. Rothfield. Page 72 Daffodils: © SilentWolf/istock. Page 72 Chromoplasts: From Gunning, B. E. S. Plant Cell Biology on DVD: Information for students and a resource for teachers. Springer, 2009 (www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-642-03690-3). Page 72 Potatoes: © John Shepherd/istock. Page 72 Leucoplasts: Courtesy of R. R. Dute. Page 72 Vacuole: © E. H. Newcomb & S. E. Frederick/Biological Photo Service.

Chapter 5 Opener: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 5.3A left: © Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 5.3A center, right: © David M. Phillips/Science Source. 5.3B: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 5.5: From G. M. Preston et al., 1992. Science 256: 385. 5.9: From M. M. Perry, 1979. J. Cell Sci. 39: 26. 5.19: Data from PDB 3EML. V. P. Jaakola et al., 2008. Science 322: 1211.

Chapter 6 Opener: © Thanassis Stavrakis/AP/Corbis. 6.17: © Martin Shields/Alamy. 6.24: David McIntyre.

Chapter 7 Opener: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Source. 7.1A: © Dr. Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 7.1B: David McIntyre. 7.1C: © Stefan Sollfors/Alamy. 7.2: © Egmont Strigl/Alamy. 7.3 left: © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/SPL/Science Source. 7.3 center: David McIntyre. 7.3 right: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 7.5 Chromosome: © Dr. Klaus Boller/Science Source. 7.5 Nucleus: © Richard Rodewald/Biological Photo Service. 7.6: © Conly L. Rieder/Biological Photo Service. 7.7A: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Source. 7.7B: © B. A. Palevitz, E. H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service. 7.12: © C. A. Hasenkampf/Biological Photo Service. 7.15A: © Dr. Gopal Murti/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 134 upper: © Power and Syred/Science Source. Page 134 lower: Courtesy of Dr. Thomas Ried and Dr. Evelin Schröck, NIH.

Chapter 8 Opener: Courtesy of Chesdovi/Wikipedia. 8.9 Dark: © Marina Golskaya/istock. 8.9 Chinchilla: © purelook/istock. 8.9 Point: © Carolyn A. McKeone/Science Source. 8.9 Albino: © ZTS/Shutterstock. 8.12 Black: © Silense/istock. 8.12 Chocolate: © Erik Lam/istock. 8.12 Yellow: © Gelpi JM/Shutterstock. 8.19A: © David Scharf/Getty Images. Page 160: Courtesy of the Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary (plantandsoil.unl.edu); used with permission from the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Nebraska. Page 161 Cat and rabbit: © Mark Taylor/Naturepl.com. Page 162: © Peter Morenus/U. of Connecticut.

Chapter 9 Opener: © Universal Studios/AF archive/Alamy. 9.2: © Lee D. Simon/Science Source. 9.4 X-ray crystallograph: Courtesy of Prof. M. H. F. Wilkins, Dept. of Biophysics, King’s College, U. London. 9.4B: © NLM/Science Source/Getty Images. 9.5A: © A. Barrington Brown/Science Source. 9.5B: Data from S. Arnott & D. W. Hukins, 1972. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 47(6): 1504. 9.10A: Data from PDB 1SKW. Y. Li et al., 2001. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11: 784. 9.13B: © Peter Lansdorp/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 9.13C: David McIntyre. 9.20: Courtesy of Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, Marcia S. Ponce de León, and Elisabeth Daynès. Page 173: © Carolina Biological Supply, Co./Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 188: © Stanley Flegler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 190: Data from PDB 1AGU. I. S. Zegar et al., 1996. Biochemistry 35: 6212.

Chapter 10 Opener: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 10.4: Data from PDB 1MSW. Y. W. Yin & T. A. Steitz, 2002. Science 298: 1387. 10.8: From D. C. Tiemeier et al., 1978. Cell 14: 237. 10.13: Data from PDB 1EHZ. H. Shi & P. B. Moore, 2000. RNA 6: 1091. 10.14: Data from PDB 1GIX and 1G1Y. M. M. Yusupov et al., 2001. Science 292: 883. 10.18B: Courtesy of J. E. Edström and EMBO J. 10.22: Data from PDB 1HNW. D. E. Brodersen et al. 2000. Cell 103: 1143.

Chapter 11 Opener: © Lenartowski/AGE Fotostock. 11.9: Data from PDB 1A66. P. Zhou et al., 1998. Cell 92: 687. 11.20: Data from PDB 1T2K. D. Panne et al., 2004. EMBO J. 23: 4384. Page 220: © Lee D. Simon/Science Source. Page 228 Cat: © Ocean/Corbis. Page 228 Barr: Courtesy of Irina Solovei, U. Munich (LMU), Germany.

Chapter 12 Opener: © Don Mason/Corbis. 12.4: From P. H. O’Farrell, 1975. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4007. Courtesy of Patrick H. O’Farrell. 12.15B: Bettmann/Corbis. 12.16A left: © Bruce Stotesbury/PostMedia News/Zuma Press. 12.16A right: © kostudio/Shutterstock. 12.16B: © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis. Page 244 Yeast: © Mediscan/Corbis. Page 244 Nematode: © Sinclair Stammers/Science Source. Page 245 Drosophila: David McIntyre. Page 245 Arabidopsis: David McIntyre (from seed provided by Tobias Baskin).

Chapter 13 Opener: © Ted Spiegel/Corbis. 13.2: © Explorer/Science Source. 13.5: © Dr. Jack Bostrack/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 13.6: © Stephen Sewell/istock. 13.12: David McIntyre. 13.15: Courtesy of the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board, www.goldenrice.org. 13.16: Courtesy of Eduardo Blumwald. 13.17: © Peter Jordan/Alamy. Page 254: Data from PDB 1ERI. Y. C. Kim et al., 1990. Science 249: 1307. Page 269: © Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Chapter 14 Opener, left: © RGB Ventures LLC dba SuperStock/Alamy. Opener, right: © David Scharf/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 14.4: © Roddy Field, the Roslin Institute. 14.7B: © Cold Spring Harbor Press; courtesy of Dustin Updike and Susan Strome. 14.8: From J. E. Sulston & H. R. Horvitz, 1977. Dev. Bio. 56: 100. 14.12A: David McIntyre. 14.13 upper: Courtesy of C. Rushlow and M. Levine. 14.13 center: Courtesy of T. Karr. 14.13 lower: Courtesy of S. Carroll and S. Paddock. 14.14A: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 14.14B: © Science VU/Dr. F. Rudolph Turner/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 14.16: David McIntyre. 14.17: © Bone Clones, www.boneclones.com. 14.18: Courtesy of J. Hurle and E. Laufer. 14.19 Insect: © flavijus piliponis/istock. 14.19 Centipede: © jeridu/istock. 14.21: Courtesy of Mike Shapiro and David Kingsley. 14.22: From Y. Yamamoto et al., 2004. Nature 431: 844. © Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Courtesy of Karl O. Stetter. Page 286: Courtesy of D. Daily and W. Sullivan.

Chapter 15 Opener: Courtesy of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. 15.6 Wild type: © Luis César Tejo/Shutterstock. 15.6 Fancy pigeons: Photos by David McIntyre; pigeons bred by Matthew Sodoski, Cynthia Archambault, and Frank J. D’Alessandro. 15.9: © Richard Du Toit/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 15.15: Courtesy of David pol. 15.19A Langur: © Jean-Pierre Zwaenepoel/Naturepl.com. 15.19A Longhorn: Courtesy of David pol. 15.19B: © Marshall Bruce/istock. 15.25: © Pasieka/Science Source. Page 299 Darwin: © The Art Gallery Collection/Alamy. Page 299 Beagle: Painting by Ronald Dean, reproduced by permission of the artist and Richard Johnson, Esquire.

Chapter 16 Opener: Courtesy of Misha Matz. 16.4 Tunicate larva: Courtesy of William Jeffery. 16.4 Tunicate adult: © WaterFrame/Alamy. 16.4 Frog larva: © Michael & Patricia Fogden/Minden Pictures. 16.4 Frog adult: © George Grall/National Geographic Society/Corbis. 16.8 Xiphophorus: David McIntyre, courtesy of Exotic Fish and Pet World, Southampton, MA. 16.8 Priapella: Courtesy of Dbr/Wikipedia. 16.9 L. bicolor: Courtesy of Steve Matson. 16.9 L. liniflorus: Courtesy of Anthony Valois/National Park Service. 16.13A: © Frans Lanting Studio/Alamy. 16.13B: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 16.13C: © Clem Haagner/Bruce Coleman, Inc./Alamy. 16.14: Courtesy of Misha Matz.

Chapter 17 Opener: Photos by David McIntyre (courtesy of Exotic Fish and Pet World, Southampton, MA) and Nantawat Chotsuwan/Shutterstock. 17.1A left: © Donald Enright/Alamy. 17.1A right: © James Hager/Robert Harding World Imagery/Corbis. 17.1B: © Papilio/Alamy. 17.2A: David McIntyre. 17.2B: © Jack Glisson/Alamy. 17.4: © Barry Mansell/Naturepl.com. 17.8: © Tim Gainey/Alamy. 17.10 G. olivacea: © Phil A. Dotson/Science Source. 17.10 G. carolinensis: © Suzanne L. Collins/Science Source. 17.11A: © Gustav Verderber/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 17.11B: © Nathan Derieg. 17.11C: David McIntyre. 17.11D: © Daniel L. Geiger/SNAP/Alamy. 17.12: Courtesy of Donald A. Levin. 17.13 upper: © Gerhard Schulz/AGE Fotostock. 17.13 lower: © Thomas Marent/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 17.14: Courtesy of William R. Rice.

Chapter 18 Opener: © Graham Cripps/NHMPL. Opener inset: © Natasha Litova/istock. 18.2B: © Ric Ergenbright/Corbis. 18.4: Courtesy of Dave Harlow, U.S. Geological Survey. 18.5: © Martin Bond/SPL/Science Source. 18.6A: David McIntyre. 18.6B: © Walter Geiersperger/Corbis. 18.6C: © Mint Images/Frans Lan/AGE Fotostock. 18.9: © PjrStudio/Alamy. 18.11A: From S. Xiao et al., 1998. Nature 391: 553. © Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 18.11B: Courtesy of Martin Smith. 18.11C: © Albert J. Copley/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 18.12 Cambrian: © John Sibbick/NHMPL. 18.12 Marella: Courtesy of the Amherst College Museum of Natural History, The Trustees of Amherst College. 18.12 Ottoia: © Alan Sirulnikoff/Science Source. 18.12 Anomalocaris: © Kevin Schafer/Alamy. 18.12 Devonian: © The Field Museum, #GEO86500_125d. 18.12 Archaeopteris: © John Cancalosi/Getty Images. 18.12 Eusthenopteron: © Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 18.12 Permian: © John Sibbick/The Natural History Museum, London. 18.12 Estemmenosuchus: Courtesy of Gondwana Studios. 18.12 Equisetum: © John Cancalosi/Alamy. 18.12 Jurassic: © Sergey Krasovskiy/Stocktrek Images/Corbis. 18.12 Ginkgo: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 18.12 Europasaurus: © Holger Hollemann/dpa/Corbis. 18.12 Cretaceous: © Anness Publishing/NHMPL. 18.12 Chasmosaurus: © Oleksiy Maksymenko/Alamy. 18.12 Sapindopsis: © Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service. 18.12 Tertiary: © Publiphoto/Science Source. 18.12 Hyracotherium: Courtesy of the Amherst College Museum of Natural History, The Trustees of Amherst College. 18.12 Plesiadapis: © The Natural History Museum, London. 18.13: Courtesy of Conrad C. Labandeira, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

Chapter 19 Opener: “Milky seas” data prepared by Steven Miller of the Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA. Background data (Earth at Night image) courtesy Marc Imhoff (NASA/GSFC) and Christopher Elvidge (NOAA/NGDC); image by Craig Mayhew (NASA/GSFC) and Robert Simmon (NASA/GSFC). 19.2A: © Michael Abbey/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 19.2B: Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control. 19.3A: Courtesy of Rob Weyant/CDC. 19.3B, C: Courtesy of Janice Haney Carr/CDC. 19.5: © Dr. George Chapman/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 19.6: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 19.7: © Don W. Fawcett/Science Source. 19.8: © BSIP SA/Alamy. 19.9A: © Paul W. Johnson/Biological Photo Service. 19.9B: © Dr. Terry Beveridge/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 19.9C: © RJH_CATALOG/Alamy. 19.10A: © J. A. Breznak & H. S. Pankratz/Biological Photo Service. 19.10B: © Paul W. Johnson/Biological Photo Service. 19.11: Courtesy of Randall C. Cutlip. 19.12: © CNRI/Science Source. 19.13: © Dean A. Glawe/Biological Photo Service. 19.14: From K. Kashefi & D. R. Lovley, 2003. Science 301: 934. Courtesy of Kazem Kashefi. 19.16: © eye35.pix/Alamy. 19.17: © Nancy Nehring/istock. 19.18: From H. Huber et al., 2002. Nature 417: 63. © Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Courtesy of Karl O. Stetter. 19.19B: © Science Photo Library RF/Photolibrary.com. 19.21: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 19.23A: © Chris Bjornberg/Science Source. 19.23B: © Dr. Linda M. Stannard, University of Cape Town/Science Source. 19.23C: © Dr. Hans Gelderblom/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 19.23D: © BSIP SA/Alamy. 19.23E: © Dr. Harold Fisher/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 19.23F: © Dr. Raoult/Science Source. 19.24: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy.

Chapter 20 Opener: © Don Paulson/PureStock/AGE Fotostock. 20.4: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 20.5A: © Aaron J. Bell/Science Source. 20.5B: © Aaron Bell/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 20.5C: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 20.7: © Scenics & Science/Alamy. 20.8A: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 20.8B: © Carl W. May/Biological Photo Service. 20.9: David McIntyre. 20.10: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service. 20.11A: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service. 20.11B: © Manfred Kage/Science Source. 20.12A: Courtesy of Dr. Stan Erlandsen/CDC. 20.12B: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 20.14: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 20.15: © Wim van Egmond/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 20.16A: © Matt Meadows/Getty Images. 20.16B: © FLPA/Alamy. 20.17: Courtesy of R. Blanton and M. Grimson. 20.19: Courtesy of M.A. Coffroth and Cindy Lewis, University at Buffalo. 20.20: © Per-Andre Hoffmann/Alamy.

Chapter 21 Opener: © Mitsuhiko Imamori/Minden. 21.2A: © Dr. Peter Siver/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 21.2B: © Robert & Jean Pollock/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 21.3A: © Wolfgang Pölzer/Alamy. 21.3B: © Larry Mellichamp/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 21.3C: © Bob Gibbons/Alamy. 21.5A: © Wildlife GmbH/Alamy. 21.5B: David McIntyre. 21.5C: © Daniel Vega/AGE Fotostock. 21.6 top: David McIntyre. 21.6 bottom: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 21.7: © Publiphoto/Science Source. 21.8A: David McIntyre. 21.8B: © Jolanta Dbrowska/AGE Fotostock. 21.8C: © Andreas Altenburger/Alamy. 21.8D: © India View/Alamy. 21.9 inset: © Chris Mattison/Alamy. 21.10A: Courtesy of the Biology Department Greenhouses, U. Massachusetts, Amherst. 21.10B: David McIntyre. 21.13: © Wildlife GmbH/Alamy. 21.14A: © Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source. 21.16A: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 21.16B: David McIntyre. 21.16C: © Juan Carlos Muñoz/AGE Fotostock. 21.16D: © Gunter Marx/Alamy. 21.17: David McIntyre. 21.19A: © Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service. 21.19B: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 21.19C: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy. 21.20A: © Zena Elea/Alamy. 21.20B: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 21.24: © Bjorn Rorslett/Science Source. 21.26A: Courtesy of Keith Weller/USDA ARS. 21.26B: © Derek Middleton/FLPA/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 21.26C: © Chris Lishman/Alamy. 21.26D: © Stefan Sollfors/Alamy. 21.26E: © Andrey Khrobostov/Alamy. 21.26F: Courtesy of Keith Weller/USDA ARS. 21.28A: Photo by David McIntyre, courtesy of the U. Massachusetts Biology Department Greenhouses. 21.28B: © Juergen Ritterbach/Alamy. 21.28C: © Rob & Ann Simpson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 21.28D: © Anthony Green/Alamy. 21.28E: © Florapix/Alamy. 21.29A: © Craig Roberts/Alamy. 21.29B: © Alfred Owczarzak/Biological Photo Service. 21.29C: © Wildlife GmbH/Alamy. 21.29D: © BSIP SA/Alamy. 21.30A: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 21.30B: © Science Photo Library/Alamy. 21.30C: © A & J Visage/Alamy. 21.30D: © DK Limited/Corbis.

Chapter 22 Opener: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 22.2: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Corbis. 22.3A: © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source. 22.4: © Chris Howes/Wild Places Photography/Alamy. 22.5A: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 22.7: © N. Allin & G. L. Barron/Biological Photo Service. 22.8A: © Wolstenholme Images/Alamy. 22.8B: David McIntyre. 22.10A: © R. L. Peterson/Biological Photo Service. 22.10B: © M. F. Brown/Biological Photo Service. 22.13: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 22.14A: © Carolina Biological Supply, Co/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 22.14B: © Dr. Jeremy Burgess/Science Source. 22.15: Photo by David McIntyre; manure courtesy of Myrtle Jackson. 22.16A: © Dr. Cecil H. Fox/Science Source. 22.16B: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 22.17A: © Thomas Marent/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 22.17B: © sgoodwin/AGE Fotostock. 22.18: © Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. 22.19A: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 22.19B: © George L. Barron/Biological Photo Service. 22.20: Courtesy of David pol. 22.21: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source.

Chapter 23 Opener: © Philippe Psaila/Science Source. 23.3: From Alegado et al. 2012, eLife 1:e00013. 23.4A: © Ed Robinson/Getty Images. 23.4B: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 23.4C: © Konrad Wothe/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 23.5A: © Charles R. Wyttenbach/Biological Photo Service. 23.5B: © Joseph Ruggeri/Alamy. 23.5C: © Stockphoto4u/istock. 23.6A: © Peter Szekely/Alamy. 23.6B: David McIntyre. 23.6C: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service. 23.7B: © Mint Images/Frans Lanting/AGE Fotostock. 23.8A: Courtesy of Wim van Egmond. 23.9: Adapted from F. M. Bayerand & H. B. Owre, 1968. The Free-Living Lower Invertebrates, Macmillan Publishing Co. 23.9 inset: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.10A: © H. Wes Pratt/Biological Photo Service. 23.10B, C: © WaterFrame/Alamy. 23.11A: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 23.11B: © WaterFrame/Alamy. 23.12B: © Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures. 23.13B: © Roland Birke/Getty Images. 23.14B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.15: © David Wrobel/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 23.16A: © Roger Klocek/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 23.18A: © WaterFrame/Alamy. 23.18B: Courtesy of Cindy Lee Van Dover. 23.18C: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.19B: © Martin Almqvist/Alamy. 23.19C: © guichaoua/Alamy. 23.19D: © Marevision/AGE Fotostock. 23.19E: © David Fleetham/Alamy. 23.20A: © Photoshot Holdings Ltd/Alamy. 23.20B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.21A: From D. C. García-Bellido & D. H. Collins, 2004. Nature 429: 40. Courtesy of Diego García-Bellido Capdevila. 23.21B: © Nature’s Images/Science Source. 23.22A: Courtesy of Dr. Mae Melvin/CDC. 23.22B: © Carolina Biological Supply, Co/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 23.23: © Pascal Goetgheluck/Science Source. 23.24A: Courtesy of Jen Grenier and Sean Carroll, U. Wisconsin. 23.24B: © David Scharf/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 23.24C: Courtesy of Reinhardt Møbjerg Kristensen. 23.25A: © George Grall/National Geographic Society/Corbis. 23.25B: © Eye of Science/Science Source. 23.26A: © cbimages/Alamy. 23.26B: © Barbara J. Miller/Biological Photo Service. 23.27A: © Peter J. Bryant/Biological Photo Service. 23.27B: © Oliver Gerhard/Alamy. 23.27C: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy. 23.27D: SEM by Eric Erbe; colorization by Chris Pooley/USDA ARS. 23.28A: © Rod Williams/Naturepl.com. 23.28B: © National Geographic Image Collection/Alamy. 23.29A: © F1online digitale Bildagentur GmbH/Alamy. 23.29B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.29C: © Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service. 23.29D: © Solvin Zankl/Naturepl.com. 23.29E: © Charles R. Wyttenbach/Biological Photo Service. 23.31A: © Jonathan Ashton/Alamy. 23.31B: © imagebroker/Alamy. 23.31C: © Jupe/Alamy. 23.31D: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.31E: © Juniors Bildarchiv GmbH/Alamy. 23.31F: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 23.31G: © Peter J. Bryant/Biological Photo Service. 23.31H: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.33A: © imagebroker/Alamy. 23.33B: © SERDAR/Alamy. 23.33C: © Bruce Coleman, Inc./Alamy. 23.33D: © Fred Winner/Science Source. 23.33E: © WaterFrame/Alamy. 23.34A: © C. R. Wyttenbach/Biological Photo Service. 23.35A: © Stan Elems/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 23.35B: David McIntyre. 23.36: © Marevision/AGE Fotostock. 23.39A: © Ken Lucas/Biological Photo Service. 23.39B left: © Natural Visions/Alamy. 23.39B right: © anne de Haas/istock. 23.41A: © Wayne Lynch/AGE Fotostock. 23.41B: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 23.41C: © RGB Ventures LLC dba SuperStock/Alamy. 23.42: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.43A: © Hoberman Collection/Corbis. 23.43B: © Tom McHugh/Science Source. 23.46A: © Dante Fenolio/Science Source. 23.46B: © Bill Coster/Alamy. 23.46C: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 23.46D: Courtesy of David pol. 23.49A: © Bruce Coleman, Inc./Alamy. 23.49B, C: © Larry Jon Friesen. 23.49D: © Gordon Chambers/Alamy. 23.50A: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 23.50B: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 23.51A: From X. Xu et al., 2003. Nature 421: 335. © Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 23.51B: © James L. Amos/Science Source. 23.52A: © georgesanker.com/Alamy. 23.52B: © Rick & Nora Bowers/Alamy. 23.52C: © All Canada Photos/Alamy. 23.53A: © Dave Watts/Alamy. 23.53B: © Rick & Nora Bowers/Alamy. 23.53C: © Design Pics Inc/Photolibrary.com. 23.53D: © Rick & Nora Bowers/Alamy. 23.53E: © Danita Delimont/Alamy. 23.53F: © Mike Hill/Alamy. 23.56A: © Cyril Ruoso/Minden Pictures. 23.56B: Courtesy of Andrew D. Sinauer. 23.56C: © Arco Images GmbH/Alamy. 23.56D: David McIntyre. Page 472: Courtesy of J. B. Morrill.

Chapter 24 Opener: © paolo negri/Alamy. 24.7 upper: David McIntyre. 24.7 lower: © James Solliday/Biological Photo Service. 24.8B: © Larry Jon Friesen. 24.8C: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 24.9A: David McIntyre. 24.9B: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 24.10: David McIntyre. 24.11A left: David McIntyre. 24.11A right: © Andrew Syred/Science Source. 24.11B left: © RGB Ventures LLC dba SuperStock/Alamy. 24.11B right: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Source. 24.13A: © Kim Karpeles/Alamy. 24.13B: © dk/Alamy. 24.13C: © Icon Digital Featurepix/Alamy. 24.13D: © Purple Marbles/Alamy. 24.13E: © Robert & Jean Pollock/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 24.13F: © Rafael Campillo/AGE Fotostock. 24.15: © Phil Gates/Biological Photo Service. 24.17: Courtesy of Scott Bauer/USDA. Page 525 Parenchyma: David McIntyre. Page 525 Collenchyma: © Phil Gates/Biological Photo Service. Page 525 Sclerenchyma: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. Page 525 Sclereids: © Dr. Dennis Drenner/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 526 Tracheids: © Dr. John D. Cunningham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 526 Vessel elements: © J. Robert Waaland/Biological Photo Service. Page 526 Sieve tube elements: David McIntyre.

Chapter 25 Opener: Courtesy of the United Nations Environment Programme, www.unep.org. 25.1, 25.3: David McIntyre. 25.7A: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 25.7B: Courtesy of USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org. 25.9: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy. 25.13A: © Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source. 25.15: Courtesy of Lynn Betts/USDA NRCS. Page 552: © M. H. Zimmermann.

Chapter 26 Opener: © Micheline Pelletier/Sygma/Corbis. 26.2: From J. M. Alonso and J. R. Ecker, 2006. Nature Reviews Genetics 7: 524. 26.3A: Courtesy of J. A. D. Zeevaart, Michigan State U. 26.3B: From W. M. Gray, 2004. PLoS Biol 2(9): e311. 26.11: David McIntyre. 26.13: Courtesy of Drs. Matsuoka and Ashikari. Page 560: © Sylvan Wittwer/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 562: © Robert J. Erwin/Science Source. Page 565 Tomatoes: Courtesy of Adel A. Kader. Page 565 Seedling: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy. Page 566 Cytokinin: David McIntyre. Page 566 Brassinosteroid: Courtesy of Eugenia Russinova, VIB Department of Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, Belgium.

Chapter 27 Opener: © Geoffrey Robinson/Alamy. 27.1A: © Phil Gates/Biological Photo Service. 27.1B Male: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy. 27.1B Female: © Owaki − Kulla/Corbis. 27.1C left: © Adrian Davies/Alamy. 27.1C right: © Frank Young; Papilio/Corbis. 27.5B: © Leonid Nyshko/Alamy. 27.5C: © Maximilian Stock Ltd/PhotoCuisine/Corbis. 27.5D: © Scenics & Science/Alamy. 27.11: Courtesy of Richard Amasino and Colleen Bizzell. 27.12A: © Deco Images/Alamy. 27.12B: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy. 27.12C: © Jerome Wexler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 27.14: David McIntyre. 27.15: © Jaroslaw Pyrih/Alamy. Page 578 Thistle: © Wolstenholme Images/Alamy. Page 578 Dog: © Scott Camazine/Alamy. Page 580: Courtesy of Richard Amasino.

Chapter 28 Opener: Courtesy of Robert Bowden/Kansas State University. 28.3A: © Arco Images GmbH/Alamy. 28.3B: © Daniel Borzynski/Alamy. 28.4: After A. Steppuhn et al., 2004. PLoS Biology 2: 1074. 28.6: © Charles Krebs/Corbis. 28.7: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 28.8: © D. Hurst/Alamy. 28.9: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 28.10: © John N. A. Lott/Biological Photo Service. 28.12: Courtesy of Scott Bauer/USDA. 28.13: © Jurgen Freund/Naturepl. com. 28.14: Courtesy of Ryan Somma. 28.15: From M. Ayliffe, R. Singh, & E. Lagudah. 2008. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 11: 187. Page 592: David McIntyre. Page 597 Beetle: Courtesy of Thomas Eisner, Cornell U.

Chapter 29 Opener: © BSIP SA/Alamy. 29.1: Courtesy of Andy J. Fischer. 29.8: © Rolf Nussbaumer Photography/Alamy. 29.10: From M. H. Ross, W. Pawlina, & T. A. Barnash, 2009. Atlas of Descriptive Histology. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. 29.11: © Custom Life Science Images. 29.15: Courtesy of Shinichi Tokishita. 29.18: © Carl Hanninen/Alamy. Page 611 Dipsosaurus: Courtesy of Mark A. Wilson/Wikipedia. Page 611 Euphausia: © Gerald & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 622: Courtesy of Marco Brugnoli and Cosmed S.r.l.

Chapter 30 Opener: © Arco Images GmbH/Alamy. 30.4: © Wild Wonders of Europe/Cairns/Naturepl.com. 30.5A: © Christopher Swann/Science Source. 30.5B: © Alexander Semenov/Science Source. 30.6A left: © Masa Ushioda/Alamy. 30.6A right: © WaterFrame/Alamy. 30.10: © Curt Wiler/Alamy. 30.13 right: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 30.15: © Science VU/Jackson/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Chapter 31 Opener: Photo by Peter Habeler, courtesy of Leo Dickinson. 31.1, 31.3: © Daniel Kaesler/Alamy. 31.10B: © Scott Camazine/Alamy. 31.10C: Courtesy of Thomas Eisner, Cornell U. 31.11B: © Ralph Hutchings/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 31.11D: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 31.15: After C. R. Bainton, 1972. J. Appl. Physiol. 33: 775. 31.16: © Dmitry Pichugin/istock. Page 648 Flatworm: © Ross Armstrong/AGE Fotostock. Page 648 Sponge: © Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures/Corbis.

Chapter 32 Opener: © Richard Herrmann/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 32.1: © Manfred Kage/Science Source. 32.2: © Alfred Owczarzak/Biological Photo Service. 32.15: © Steven J. Kazlowski/Alamy.

Chapter 33 Opener: © Don Johnston/All Canada Photos/Corbis. 33.1: From Vesalius, A., 1543. De humani corporis fabrica. 33.2 micrograph: © Don W. Fawcett/Science Source. 33.3: © James Dennis/Phototake. 33.5: © Dr. Fred Hossler/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 33.11: © Reinhard Dirscherl/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 33.15: Courtesy of Jesper L. Andersen. 33.16: From Y-X Wang et al., 2004. PLoS Biology 2: e294. 33.17: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. Page 684 top: From Ross, Pawlina, & Barnash, 2009. Atlas of Descriptive Histology. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. Page 695: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. Page 696 top: © Premaphotos/Alamy.

Chapter 34 Opener: © Ken Catania/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 34.1: © Eckehard Schulz/AP/Corbis. 34.3B: © C. Raines/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. 34.10: Courtesy of the Kennedy Lab, Division of Biology, Caltech. 34.17A: © Omikron/Science Source. 34.20A: © RGB Ventures LLC dba SuperStock/Alamy. 34.27: © Wellcome Dept. of Cognitive Neurology/SPL/Science Source. 34.28: Courtesy of Dr. Kevin LaBar, Duke U. Page 717: © Photoshot Holdings Ltd/Alamy. Page 723 Viper: © ephotocorp/Alamy. Page 723 Fish: © Jane Burton/Naturepl.com.

Chapter 35 Opener: © Toby Melville/Reuters/Corbis. 35.4A Insulin: Data from PDB 2HIU. Q. X. Hua et al., 1995. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2: 129. 35.4A HGH: Data from PDB 1HGU. L. Chantalat et al., 1995. Protein Pept. Lett. 2: 333. 35.12: © Alison Wright/Corbis.

Chapter 36 Opener: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 36.1: © David Cook/blueshiftstudios/Alamy. 36.3B: © A. Held/blickwinkel/AGE Fotostock. 36.3C: © Danita Delimont/Alamy. 36.5A: © Lunamarina/istock. 36.5B: © Cristian Baitg/istock. 36.7: © Rick & Nora Bowers/Alamy. 36.8B: © Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/Alamy.

Chapter 37 Opener: © blickwinkel/Alamy. 37.1: © Francis Leroy, Biocosmos/Science Source. 37.2A: © Aurora Photos/Alamy. 37.2B: © WaterFrame/Alamy. 37.5B: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 37.6 top: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source. 37.6 bottom: © CNRI/SPL/Science Source. 37.7 inset: © SERDAR/Alamy. 37.8: © Images & Stories/Alamy. 37.9: © Amar and Isabelle Guillen/Guillen Photography/Alamy. 37.14A: © Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures. 37.14B: © Michel Roggo/Naturepl.com. Page 771 Ducks: © sasimoto/istock. Page 771 Beetles: © Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures/Corbis. Page 773 bottom: © Jeff Rotman/Alamy.

Chapter 38 Opener: © Wildlife GmbH/Alamy. 38.7A left: From H. W. Beams & R. G. Kessel, 1976. American Scientist 64: 279. 38.7A center, right: © Dr. Lloyd M. Beidler/Science Source. 38.7B: From H. W. Beams & R. G. Kessel, 1976. American Scientist 64: 279. 38.7C: Courtesy of D. Daily and W. Sullivan. 38.8A: From J. G. Mulnard, 1967. Arch. Biol. (Liege) 78: 107. Courtesy of J. G. Mulnard. 38.16C, D: Courtesy of K. W. Tosney and G. Schoenwolf. 38.17: Courtesy of K. W. Tosney. 38.22A larva: © FLPA/Alamy. 38.22A adult: © Sabena Jane Blackbird/Alamy. 38.22B larva: © D.P. Wilson/FLPA/Science Source. 38.22B adult: © Arterra Picture Library/Alamy. 38.23: Courtesy of Dr. Lynn James, USDA Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. Page 786 Sperm: © Dr. David Phillips/Visuals Unlimited, Inc.

Chapter 39 Opener: © Christie’s Images/Corbis. Page 810 Crab: © Alex Kerstitch/Visuals Unlimited, Inc. Page 810 Amebocytes: From P. Armstrong and M. Conrad, 2008. Journal of Visualized Experiments 20: e958. Page 810 Granules: From Iwanaga, 2002. Current Opinion in Immunology 14: 87. Page 813: © Biology Pics/Science Source.

Chapter 40 Opener: © Jane Gould/Alamy. 40.1: © Richard Becker/Alamy. 40.4: © Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 40.5: © Scott Smith/Corbis. 40.6: © John E Marriott/All Canada Photos/Corbis. 40.7: © Andrew Parkinson/Naturepl.com. 40.13B: © FLPA/Tom and Pam Gard/AGE Fotostock. 40.14A: From Berdahl et al., 2013. Science 339: 574. 40.15: © Matteo Volpi/Shutterstock. 40.17: © Natural Visions/Alamy. Page 833: © Oxford Scientific/Getty Images. Page 837: © Markus Varesvuo/Naturepl.com.

Chapter 41 Opener: © Robert Shantz/Alamy. 41.2: © epa european press-photo agency b.v./Alamy. 41.12A: © Sunpix Travel/Alamy. 41.12B: © Ulrich Doering/Alamy. 41.12C: © Paul Mayall/Imagebroker/AGE Fotostock. 41.12D: © Niels van Kampenhout/Alamy. 41.15: © Nico Stengert/Novarc/Corbis. 41.16: © AgStock Images, Inc./Alamy.

Chapter 42 Opener: Courtesy of Richard S. Ostfeld Laboratory. 42.1 inset: © T. W. Davies/California Academy of Sciences. 42.4A: © Ozerov Alexander/Shutterstock. 42.4B: © Mary McDonald/Naturepl.com. 42.6: Courtesy of Barry Sinervo. 42.7 left: Courtesy of Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org. 42.7 right: Courtesy of Clemson University/USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series/Bugwood.org. 42.10: © David Paterson/Alamy. 42.10 inset: © Nancy Nehring/istock. 42.11: David McIntyre. 42.12: © Joel Sartore/National Geographic Stock. Page 874 Field: Courtesy of Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org. Page 874 inset: Courtesy of Peggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org.

Chapter 43 Opener: © Kim Taylor/Naturepl.com. 43.1B: © Inge Johnsson/Alamy. 43.1C: © Werner Bollmann/AGE Fotostock. 43.1D: © Gay Bumgarner/Alamy. 43.2: © cbpix/Shutterstock. 43.7C: Courtesy of Robert Beschta, from R. L. Beschta & W. J. Ripple, 2009. Biological Conservation 142: 2401. 43.9 left: © Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 43.9 right: © Photoshot/Alamy. 43.10A upper: © Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy. 43.10A lower: © ranplett/istock. 43.10B: © Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures/Corbis. 43.11: David McIntyre.

Chapter 44 Opener: © Nigel Cattlin/Alamy. 44.1A: © Prisma Bildagentur AG/Alamy. 44.1B: Courtesy of Robert Whittaker. 44.3A: © Ed Reschke/Getty Images. 44.3B: © Mcmaster Studio/Alamy. 44.5 upper: David McIntyre. 44.5 lower: © William Manning/Corbis. 44.12: Courtesy of E. O. Wilson. 44.14: Richard Bierregaard, Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, Office of Environmental Awareness. 44.16: © John Mitchell/Alamy.

Chapter 45 Opener: © Jonathan Kingston/Getty Images. 45.2: From Zhao et al. 2006. J. Geophys. Res.–Biogeosciences 111: G01002. 45.4: Image by Robert Simmon, NASA GSFC Earth Observatory, based on data provided by Watson Gregg, NASA GSFC. 45.9: Courtesy of Goddard SVS/NASA. 45.14: After IPCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 45.15: © blickwinkel/Alamy.