5.5 Geographic Insights: Russia and the Post-Soviet States Review and Self-Test

• 1. Environment, Development, and Urbanization: Development and urbanization in this region have long taken precedence over environmental concerns. The region has severe environmental problems, especially in urban areas.

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• 2. Climate Change, Food, and Water: Food production systems and water resources are particularly threatened by climate change in parts of this region, yet the region remains the third-largest global producer of greenhouse gases.

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• 3. Globalization and Development: Since the fall of the Soviet Union, economic reforms and globalization have changed patterns of development in this region. Many Communist-era industries closed, and as jobs were lost and public assets sold to wealthy oligarchs, wealth disparity increased. The region is now dependent on its role as a leading global exporter of energy resources.

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• 4. Power and Politics: Obstacles to democratization include a long history of authoritarian regimes and the popular desire to implement change rapidly, combined with the lack of mechanisms for public participation in the political process.

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• 5. Population: Populations are shrinking in many parts of this region. This is a function of a continuously high level of participation by women in the workforce and overall poor living and housing standards.

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• 6. Gender: Men and women have been differently affected by the massive economic and political changes in this region during the twentieth century. Women have slowly gained economic power, while, on average, men have been adversely affected by economic instability, loss of jobs, and alcoholism.

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