7.5 Geographic Insights: Sub-Saharan Africa Review and Self-Test

• 1. Climate Change, Food, and Water: Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change because subsistence occupations are sensitive to even slight variations in temperature, rainfall, and water availability. In large part because of poverty, political instability, and having little access to cash, the region does not have much resilience to the effects of climate change.

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• 2. Globalization and Development: During the era of colonialism, Europeans set up the pattern that continues to this day of basing the economies of sub-Saharan Africa on the export of raw materials. This leaves countries vulnerable in the global economy, where prices for raw materials can vary widely year to year. While a few countries are diversifying and industrializing, most still sell raw materials and all rely on expensive imports of food, consumer products, and construction and transportation equipment.

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• 3. Power and Politics: Countries in the region are shifting from authoritarianism to elections and other democratic institutions, but the power structures in the region are resistant to democratization. While free and fair elections have brought about dramatic changes, distrusted elections have often been followed by surges of violence.

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• 4. Gender, Power, and Politics: The education of African women and their economic and political empowerment are now recognized as essential to development. As girls’ education levels rise, population growth rates fall; as the number of female political leaders increases, so does their influence on policies designed to reduce poverty.

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• 5. Population, Urbanization, Food, and Water: In part because of lower infant mortality rates and the higher cost of rearing children in cities, urbanization has the positive effect of encouraging families to limit births. Nevertheless, urbanization often happens in an uncontrolled fashion, leaving many people to reside in impoverished slums without adequate services, sufficient food, and clean water.

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