Figure 3.22: Crowley’s model of urban land use in mainland Middle and South America. William Crowley, an urban geographer who specializes in Middle and South America, developed this model to depict how residential, industrial, and commercial uses are mixed together, with people of widely varying incomes living in close proximity to one another and to industries. Squatters and slum-dwellers ring the city in an irregular pattern.

[Source consulted: Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers 57(28): 1995; printed with permission]