CHAPTER 26 Test Your Knowledge
DRIVING QUESTION 1
What is the anatomy of the digestive system?
By answering the questions below and studying Infographics 26.1, 26.2,26.3, 26.6, and 26.7, you should be able to generate an answer for the broader Driving Question above.
KNOW IT
Place the following structures of the digestive system in order from the entry of food (1) to the exit of waste (5).
________ Esophagus
________ Large intestine
________ Stomach
________ Mouth
________ Small intestine
Which part of the digestive tract has the most acidic pH?
a. esophagus
b. colon
c. small intestine
d. stomach
e. mouth
Why is it helpful to have an expandable stomach?
USE IT
What do the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas have in common with respect to the digestive system? How do they differ from the mouth, stomach, and small intestine?
Muscle paralysis in the digestive tract would compromise which digestive function?
a. chemical digestion in the stomach
b. chemical digestion in the small intestine
c. absorption in the small intestine
d. chemical digestion in the mouth
e. movement of food from the mouth to the stomach
Pepsin is most effective at a pH of about 2. Digestive enzymes in the small intestine are most effective at a pH of or near 7. If the pancreas were unable to secrete bicarbonate (the basic component of pancreatic secretions), what would you predict about the waste eliminated from the large intestine?
DRIVING QUESTION 2
How is food broken down and utilized as it moves through the digestive tract?
By answering the questions below and studying Infographics 26.4 and 26.5, you should be able to generate an answer for the broader Driving Question above.
KNOW IT
Where does the majority of chemical digestion take place?
a. small intestine
b. esophagus
c. mouth
d. stomach
e. colon
What do pepsin and salivary amylase have in common? How do their activities differ?
What organ produces lipase?
USE IT
A person who has had the gallbladder surgically removed will have trouble processing
a. fats.
b. carbohydrates.
c. minerals.
d. vitamins.
e. proteins.
Compare and contrast the roles of bile salts and lipase.
Why would someone with a blocked duct between the pancreas and the small intestine experience pancreatic inflammation (pancreatitis)? Note that in this case inflammation is a response to tissue damage.
If you stand on your head, can processed food still pass from your small intestine into your large intestine? Explain your answer.
MINI CASE
Alicia has had her gallbladder removed. She must be careful not to eat high-fat meals, or else she is likely to experience greasy diarrhea. Her friend Tammy, who is taking Alli, must also avoid high-fat meals, in order to avoid oily stools, a possible side effect of the drug. Why are both Alicia and Tammy at risk for similar digestive upsets when their situations are different (gallbladder removal, taking Alli)?
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DRIVING QUESTION 3
What are the risks and benefits of bariatric surgery?
By answering the questions below and studying Infographics 26.3, 26.6, and 26.8, you should be able to generate an answer for the broader Driving Question above.
KNOW IT
Gastric bypass surgery causes the ________ to become ______.
a. stomach; smaller
b. small intestine; larger
c. stomach; less acidic
d. small intestine; less acidic
e. stomach; larger
Compare and contrast gastric banding and gastric bypass.
Which of the following is the best first option for someone who wishes to lower a BMI of 32?
a. gastric banding
b. gastric bypass
c. dietary modification
d. more exercise
e. all of the above
f. c and d
USE IT
Several studies have found that gastric bypass has a greater impact on several conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease and diabetes) than gastric banding. Why might this be?
BRING IT HOME
If a morbidly obese person who is considering gastric bypass surgery asked for your opinion on the procedure, what would you say about its known risks, benefits, and any unknowns? Would you say the same to someone considering the surgery who is simply overweight, not morbidly obese? Explain your answer.
INTERPRETING DATA
A 2012 study compared the impacts of medical therapy and bariatric surgery in obese people with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Patients were randomly assigned to receive aggressive medical therapy for their diabetes (including medications and diet and lifestyle modifications) or bariatric surgery. Several dependent variables were measured for 1 year. Two of these—average BMI and average number of diabetes medications—are shown in the table below.
a. Draw two graphs, one plotting the average diabetes medications over time for the group receiving medical therapy and for the group receiving surgery, and one plotting the change in BMI from baseline for the two groups (set the baseline values at 0 on the time axis because by definition no change can have taken place yet).
b. From these graphs, how does gastric bypass compare to medical therapy for diabetes management in obese patients with type 2 diabetes?
c. The data shown in the table are for 41 patients who had medical therapy and 50 patients who had gastric bypass. From this additional information and any other limitations you can identify, are these data sufficient to make a recommendation of surgery for diabetes management? Why or why not?
