Rabalais, Nancy, 280f, 282

radiation

alpha, 439, 439f

beta, 439, 439f

Fukushima and levels of, 444

gamma, 439, 439f

radioactive isotopes and, 439

UV, 26–27, 33

radiative forcer, 410

radioactive, definition, 432

radioactive decay, 433

radioactive half-life, 432–433

radioactive waste, 439–441

RAFT. See Renewing America’s Food Traditions

rain barrels, 275

rainforest, 219f

biodiversity of, 220–221

palm oil industry and, 220

tropical, 144f, 145f, 157, 157t, 230f

Rainforest Action Network, 235

Rainforest Alliance, 157

Rajala, Jack, 421

Rallus owstoni. See Guam rail

random distribution, 162–163, 163f

range, A–10

range of tolerance, 147

for environmental factors, 148f

for life, 148f

receptors, 53

reclamation, 355–357, 355f

recycling, 126f, 134f, 135

curbside, 137

Interface Carpet, 105

water, 272

red herring, 56

redlining, 499

Red List of Threatened Species, 243, 243f, 257t

reduce, 133, 134f

I-17

reduced-tillage cultivation, 328, 331

ReEntry 2.0, 105, 108–109

refuse, 133, 134f

Reich, Peter, 425

reintroducing species, 162

reintroduction programs, 245

Reliford, Derrick, 388f

remediation, 246

renewable energy, 11–12, 450–469. See also specific types of renewable energy

diversification in, 458

fossil fuels compared with, 461

sustainability and, 452–453

trade-offs of, 463t

true cost of, 461–464

use of, 454f

using, 467

Renewing America’s Food Traditions (RAFT), 337

replacement fertility rate, 71

replication, 26

reservoirs, 149, 268, 270

residence times, 149

resilience, 184

resistance factors, 164, 166f

population size and, 171f

resistance forestry, 421

resource partitioning, 190, 190f

resource use, 10, 133

in biomes, 157

China’s, 117f

population and, 76, 77

in tropical rainforest, 157

U.S.’s, 117f

wealth inequality and, 15

restoration ecology, 191

reuse, 133, 134f, 135

Revelstoke Dam, British Columbia, 271f

Reykjanes Power Plant, Iceland, 460f

rice farming, 316f

agroecology in, 325, 325f

azolla and, 318–319, 324

conventional, 318

ducks and, 324–327, 327f, 334

fish and, 324–325

traditional, 324

ringworm, 88f

riparian areas, 290, 291f

risk assessment, 45

safe exposure levels and, 58

Ritz, Beate, 388–389

road salt, 297

Rock, Channah, 274

rock cycle, A–13

rock pocket mouse (Chaetodipus intermedius), 204

Rodgers, James, 178, 192

Rodriguez, Marta, 499, 502

roofing, green, 506–507

rotation method grazing, 326f

Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), 234

Rowland, Sherwood, 28

r-selected species, 166

characteristics of, 168f

population changes in, 168

RSPO. See Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil

Ruiz-Tiben, Ernesto, 82, 84–85, 89

runoff pollution, 284–285. See also agricultural runoff

fertilizer, 289f

nutrient, 288

road salt, 297

run-of-the-river hydroelectric system, 461, 462f