Abarca, Jaime, 33
abiotic, definition, 149
abiotic factors, communities and, 183–186
abortion, 69–70
sex-selective, 75
acid deposition, 392, 393f
acid mine drainage, 346
acid rain, 392f, 393f
erosion due to, 396f
active solar technologies, 456–457, 457f
Adams, Mary Beth, 373
adaptations, 202
climate change, 424–425
adaptive management, 37, 473
additive effects, 51
ad hominem attack, 56
“Adopt an Organism,” 215
adoption, 75
advertising, waste and, 132–133
affluence, IPAT model and, 102–104, 105f
age composition of population, 73–75
age structure
diagrams, 66, 73
population growth and, 67f
aging populations, 73
agricultural best management practice, 290
agricultural runoff, 281f, 284–285, 305
drainage and, 288
nitrogen and, 287, 289f
agricultural technology, 310–312
traditional, 310–311, 312f
agricultural waste, 122
agriculture
climate change and, 320
food production and, 303–305
industrial, 303, 304f, 318–324
organic, 318
policy, 303, 312
subsidies, 312
sustainable, 316–337
agroecology, 325, 325f
air monitors, 382
air pollutants
criteria, 386–387
effects of, 390t
hazardous, 389
sources of, 390t
air pollution, 93t, 380–401
anthropogenic, 386f
asthma and, 391
controlled burns and, 385f
environmental impacts of, 386–389
EPA regulation of, 386, 401
health impacts of, 382–384, 386–389, 387f
indoor, 384, 394, 395
lungs and, 387, 389–392
mass transit and, 397f
maternal exposure to, 388–389
natural, 386f
oil and, 370
outdoor, 384–385, 386f, 389
poverty and, 391–392
prenatal exposure to, 388
reducing, 398f
regulation, 394
solutions for, 394–398
traveling, 392
in U.S., 394–395
worldwide, 384f
air quality
improving, 399
in Los Angeles, 382
standard of, 394
technology for, 398
Air Quality Index, 392
albedo, 410–411
algal blooms, 286f
alligators, 187–188
Almindinger, John, 425
alpha radiation, 439, 439f
American Plastics Council, 54
ammonia (NH3), 152
Andersen, Stephen, 476, 485
Anderson, Ray, 100, 100f, 102, 111–112, 115
annual crops, 334
antagonistic effects, 51
Antarctica
climate change in, 407
ozone depletion, 25–26, 38f
Antarctic Vostok ice core, 415
anthropocentric worldview, 16
anthropogenic, defined, 11, 416
anthropogenic air pollution, 386f
anthropogenic climate change, 10
ANWR. See Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Appalachian Mountains, 341f, 343
coal in, 344
reclamation and, 356
appeal to authority, 56
appeal to ignorance, 56
applied science, 6, 6f, 7
AquAdvantage salmon, 308
aquatic life
BPA in, 128
plastics and, 128, 128f, 137, 137t
solid waste disposal and, 128
aquifer, 264, 265f
core sample, 266f
sinkholes and, 267f
water pollution and, 285
Arcata, California, 268, 270f
Arctic, climate change in, 407
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), 368
area, measurements and units of measure, A–3
area graphs, A–9
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 191–192
artificial selection, 212, 212f, 213f
aspen tree, climate change and, 418
asthenosphere, A–12, A–13
asthma, 380f
air pollution and, 391
cost of, 398
immune system function and, 391
incidence of, 382
in New York City, 388f, 391
Atlantic Gyre, 120
atmosphere
CFCs in, 28
changes in, 416
definition, 26
ozone depletion and, 37–38
UV radiation and, 27
atomic bombs, 436–437
I-3
atoms, 432f
author bias in studies, 57
authority, appeal to, 56
averages, A–2
average temperature, change in, 406, 406f, 408
azolla, 318–319, 324