CAA. See Clean Air Act
CAFE standards. See corporate average fuel efficiency standards
CAFO. See concentrated animal feeding operation
California
Arcata, 268, 270f
Los Angeles, 382, 382f, 383
San Francisco, 503f
water sources in, 264–266
wind farms, 454
Canada
oil in, 379
unconventional reserves of oil and natural
gas in, 373f
Canada lynx, 169, 169f
cancer
BPA and, 56
skin, 33, 36
Canis lupus. See wolves
Canis lupus familiaris. See dogs
cap-and-trade, 397, 398f, 472, 479
capital, natural, 102, 104f
captive breeding programs, 245
carbon, 149
carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), 353, 354f
carbon cycles
in Biosphere 2, 150–151
cellular respiration and, 150f
disrupted, 151
human impact on, 151, 151f
photosynthesis and, 150f
carbon dioxide (CO2), 150, 150f, 390
climate change and, 413f
elevated, 155
emissions, 416, 484f
greenhouse effect and, 410
Kyoto Protocol and regulation of, 483
measurements of, 415
regulation of, 395–396
carbon emissions, 425
carbon footprint, 425
of food, 332, 333f
in urban areas, 496f
carbon gas regulation, 473
carbon monoxide (CO), 390t
carbon taxes, 422
The Carnivore’s Way (Eisenberg), 171
carrying capacity, 10, 166f
changing, 166
definition, 11, 165
Earth’s, 75–76, 76f
overshoot, 169f
zero population growth and, 75–77
car-share programs, 115
Carson, Rachel, 44f
Silent Spring, 19, 45
Carter, Jimmy, 91
Carter, Majora, 492, 497, 500–501, 501f
Bronx Environmental Stewardship Training, 504
Smart Roofs, LLC, 506
SSBx, 502
Carter Center’s Guinea Worm Eradication Program, 82
cash crops, 305
Casiccia, Claudio, 33
cause-and-effect relationship, definition, 28
cause of death, 92f
CBD. See Convention on Biological Diversity
CCS. See carbon capture and sequestration
CDM. See Clean Development Mechanism
cellular respiration, 150
carbon cycles and, 150f
The Central and Southern Florida Project, 180
CERCLA. See Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CERP. See Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
Cervus elaphus. See elk
CFCs. See chlorofluorocarbons
CFL. See compact fluorescent light bulb
Chaetodipus intermedius. See rock pocket mouse
Chase, James, 504
chemical hazards, 84, 85f
chemicals. See also toxic substances
in cosmetics, 61
daily exposure to, 59
dose-response curve, 54
fat-soluble, 48
interactions, 52
persistent, 44–45
residues of, 61
water-soluble, 48
chemical spills, surface mining-related, 350
chemical waste, 127
Chernobyl reactor meltdown, 437
Chesapeake Bay, 283f, 289
China, 62f
age structure, 73
CDM program in, 486
coolant factories in, 485
cultural shift in, 71
demographic transition in, 72
energy consumption by, 375
one child policy, 62–79
overconsumption in, 76
population, 65
population growth, 66, 67f
resource consumption by, 117f
workforce, 73
Chipotle Mexican Grill, 115f
chlorine (CI)
atmospheric, 26
ozone and, 30
chlorine monoxide (CIO), 30
NOx and, 35
ozone and, 41f
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 26–28
alternatives to, 37, 41
in atmosphere, 28
ban on, 36
greenhouse effect and, 410
Montreal Protocol and, 36
ozone depletion and, 28f, 32–35
cholera, 84, 88f, 89f
chromium, e–waste and, 129
CI. See chlorine
CIO. See chlorine monoxide
CITES. See Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
cities. See also specific cities
green, 509
smart growth of, 504–505
sustainable, 502–507, 503f, 509
citizen scientist opportunities, 254t
citizen suit provision, 475
the clean 15, 333f
Clean Air Act (CAA), 394–395, 476t
clean coal technology, 352–354, 398
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), 472
development of, 482
emission credits, 485f
repairing, 486
wind farm, 477f
Clean Power Plan, 396
clean water, 93t, 95
access to, 263, 277
I-5
Clean Water Act (CWA), 289, 476t
reclamation and, 356
climate
definition, 405
factors affecting, 407–416
forcers, 413–414
predicting, 416
weather compared with, 404–405, 416
climate change, 7, 242f, 402–427
adaptations, 424–425
agriculture and, 320
in Antarctica, 407
anthropogenic, 10
in Arctic, 407
average temperature changes and, 406, 406f
benefits of, 421
biodiversity and, 424
causes of current, 416–417, 417f
choices influencing, 425
climate forcers and, 414
CO2 and, 413f
confronting, 421–425
current, 405, 416–417
definition, 405
economic impacts of, 419–421
environmental impact of, 419–421
evidence of global, 405–409
feedback loops influencing, 414
forest fires and, 402f, 404
future, 423
global efforts to thwart, 470–489
Greenland Vikings and, 7–8
health impacts of, 419–421, 424
human causes of, 416–417
impacts of, 424
international efforts and, 482f
Milankovitch cycles and, 414
mitigation, 421–423
natural causes of, 416–417
North Woods, Minnesota, and, 405–406, 424–425
oceans and, 412–414
past, 405, 414
skeptics of, 422, 427
species’ responses to, 417–419
treaties, 422, 424
tree species migration and, 417–419, 425
climate models, 414, 416–417
climax species, 195
closed-loop system, 108, 108f, 109, 135
clumped distribution, 162, 163f
CO. See carbon monoxide
CO2. See carbon dioxide
coal, 338–359, 343f
in Appalachian Mountains, 344
burning, 352f
clean coal technology, 352–354, 398
definition, 341
deposits, 344, 345f
electricity generated by, 341–342, 342f
emissions, 350–355
formation of, 343–344, 344f
global dependence on, 341–343
mercury emissions and, 350–351
coal mining. See also mountaintop removal
environmental and health problems of, 352f
EPA and, 359
fatalities associated with, 359f
hazards of, 347f
Hobet 21, 340–341, 344
reclaiming closed mines and, 355–357, 355f
Spruce No. 1, 340f
subsurface mines, 346, 347f, 348
surface, 346, 348–350
trade-offs of, 344–348
coastal erosion and flooding, 424
coevolution, 205, 206f
coliform bacteria, 266
Collapse (Diamond), 6
Collor de Mello, Fernando, 481f
colonizing space, 146
Columbia River, Grand Coulee Dam on, 460–461, 464f
command and control regulation, 394, 478
definition, 395, 479
commensalism, 190, 190f
community, 142, 142f
definition, 143
health of, public health programs and, 84–88
human, conservation and, 252–255
sustainable, 490–509
community ecology, 176–197
abiotic factors and, 183–186
biotic factors and, 183–186
composition of, 186–189
definition, 179
species interaction and, 189–190
structure of, 186–189
compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL), 465, 466f
competition, 189–190, 190f
composting, 130, 131f, 155
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), 476t
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), 191
concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO), 320
problems with, 323
concentrations, measurements and units of measure, A–3
Concrete Plant Park, 493f
condensation, 262–263
conservation
consumer choices and, 254, 254t
ecosystem, 244–246
of elephants, 238–255
energy, 465–466, 465t
human communities and, 252–255
landscape, 246
routes to, 254t
single-species, 244–245
of species, 244–252, 247f
sustainable energy and, 464–466
water, 272–275, 272t
conservation biology, 241
conservation easements, 254t, 502
conservation genetics, 247–248
tracking poachers with, 248f
consumer choices, 115
conservation and, 254, 254t
in food, 333f, 335
four Rs and, 133
sustainable agriculture and, 332
consumers, 181
definition, 150, 180
trophic levels, 182
waste and, 132–135
consumption, 98–117
electricity, 357
of energy, 375–376
of oil, 375–377
resource, 117f
sustainable, 109, 112–113
continental crust, A–13
contour farming, 328, 331
control group, 33
controlled burns, 385f
control rods, 435
conventionally grown crops, organic
compared with, 337
conventional reserves of oil and natural gas, 364
well drilling for, 365–367, 366f
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 249, 249t
I-6
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 249–250, 249t
ivory trade and, 250
Conway, Erik, 422
coolant factories, 472, 475, 486
in China, 485
in India, 483, 485
Kyoto Protocol and, 484–485
Copenhagen, Denmark, 503f
core, Earth’s, A–12
core species, 186
corporate average fuel efficiency (CAFE)
standards, 484
correlation, 28
Corwith Cramer, 120–135
cosmetics, chemicals in, 61
cost. See also environmental costs; external cost; true cost
of asthma, 398
of food, 300
health, 107f
internal, 105
Costanza, Robert, 101, 223
cover crops, 328, 331
cradle-to-cradle management, 109, 110f
criteria air pollutants, 386–387
critical thinking, 55–57
crop diversity, 319, 323, 337
monoculture and, 320
crop productivity, 424
crop rotation, 330, 331
crops
annual, 334
Bt, 308–310
cash, 305
conventionally grown, 337
GM, 305–309
organic, 337
perennial, 334
cross-pollination, GM crops and, 309
crude birth rate, 64, 65
crude bitumen, 372
crude death rate, 64, 65
crude oil, 364
processing of, 366–367, 367f
crust, Earth’s, A–12, A–13
cultural eutrophication, 282, 320–321
Curitiba, Brazil, 503f
Cuyahoga River, 289, 294f
CWA. See Clean Water Act