E

Eagle Ford shale, 374

Earth

biodiversity on, 222f

carrying capacity of, 75–76, 76f

core, A–12

crust of, A–12, A–13

energy on, 143f

geological composition, A–12

human impact on, 98

human population on, 76f

mantle, A–12

mass extinctions, 210, 211f

ozone’s protection of, 26–27

Earth911, 137

I-7

earthquakes, A–13

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station and, 430

wastewater injection wells and, 373–374

Echols, Alex, 284–287, 290, 292

ecocentric worldview, 16, 17f

eco-industrial parks, 132, 133

ecolabeling, 114, 117

ecological diversity, 226f

biodiversity and, 225–226

ecological economics, 98–117

definition, 107

environmental impact and, 101–105

mainstream economics and, 105–109

sustainable businesses and, 111–112

ecological footprint, 10, 98

of companies, 109f

definition, 11, 102

national, 103

in urban areas, 496f

U.S. per capita, 102

world, 103

ecologically effective population, 162

ecological succession, 192, 194f

The Ecology of Commerce (Hawken), 100

economic decisions, 101–105

economic growth, 107–108

economic impacts of climate change, 419–421

economics, 101

ecological, 98–117

mainstream, 105–109

EcoScraps, 114f

ecosystem conservation, 244–246

ecosystem restoration, 155, 246

Gulf of Mexico and, 293

ecosystems, 138–157, 142f

definition, 143, 179

degradation of, 101–102

enclosed, 146

farming and mimicking natural, 324–327

formation of, 140–146

function of, 155

human impact on, 9–10, 83–84, 191

intact, 101–102

keystone species in, 188f

matter in, 121

nutrient cycles in, 149–154

recovery of, 193

repairing, 191–192

species conservation and, 247f

species well-being and health of, 178–180

studying, 146

succession of, 195

sustainable, 11–12

waste in, 121–122

ecosystem services, 101, 222–223, 224f

value of, 101f, 223, 254t

ecotones, 185

ecotourism, 252–253, 254t

edge effects, 185, 186f, 187f

edge species, 186

education

environmental health hazards and, 93t

infectious disease and, 93

TFR and, 74f

effluent, 266, 281

Eggerud, Scott, 343

EIA. See Energy Information Administration

EIS. See environmental impact statement

Eisenberg, Cristina, 170

The Carnivore’s Way, 171

Elders, Wilfred, 458–460

electricity

coal-generated, 341–342, 342f

consumption, 357

definition, 341

generation of, by fuel, 343f, 454f

nuclear reactions and, 430–436

U.S. generation of, by fuel, 343f

elephants, 239f

conservation of, 238–255

human impact on, 243–244

poaching, 240, 241f

ranges, 240f

elk (Cervus elaphus), 160

wolf reintroduction and, 170

in Yellowstone, 164

Ells, Steve, 115f

emerging infectious disease, 87–88

emigration, 66

emissions

carbon, 425

CO2, 416, 484f

coal, 350–355

credits, 485f, 486

greenhouse gas, 422, 484

HFC, 472

mercury, 350–351

trading policy, 472

emissions calculator, EPA, 489

empirical evidence, 24, 25

empirical science, 6f, 7

endangered species, 210

conserving, 162

definition, 226

habitat destruction and, 172

wood stork as, 178

Endangered Species Act (ESA), 162, 235, 249, 249t, 255, 476t

endemic, definition, 206, 207

endemic species, 226

endemism, extinction and, 228

endocrine disruptors, 53. See also bisphenol A

dose and, 52–55

energy. See also renewable energy

conservation of, 465–466, 465t

consumption of, 375–376

definition, 341

on Earth, 143f

efficiency, 102, 466f

flow of, 142, 143

food web and movement of, 181–183

generation of, 130

Japan’s usage of, 445

nuclear power and future of, 444–445

saving, 465t

energy independence, 374

Energy Information Administration (EIA), 369, 489

energy neutral, 453

energy positive, 453

energy return on energy investment (EROEI), 343

oil and natural gas wells, 366

energy security, 376

increasing, 377

energy use intensity (EUI), 509

English measurements, A–3

environment, 5

business’ impact on, 101–105

Greenland Vikings and damage to, 8

human impact on, 101–105

human manipulation of, 83–84

environmental costs, 107f

of fracking, 372–373

of oil, 370

of unconventional reserves, 372–374

environmental ethics, 15

worldviews and, 16

environmental factors

emerging infectious disease and, 87–88

global burden of disease and, 87f

infectious disease and, 87

range of tolerance for, 148f

I-8

environmental hazards

modifiable, 86

reducing, 93t

types of, 85f

environmental health, 80–97

biological hazards and, 88–89

environmentally mediated diseases and, 91–94

factors affecting human health and, 89–90

pathogen exposure and, 83–84

public health programs and, 84–88

environmental impact of air pollution, 386–389

of climate change, 419–421

of coal mining and burning, 352f

of fossil fuel extraction and use, 367–368

of mountaintop removal, 340f, 341

national, 103

of surface mining, 348–350

of technology, 104

environmental impact statement (EIS), 162, 474–475

on mountaintop removal, 349

environmental justice, 391

citizens and, 502

in urban areas, 497

environmental laws, 13–14

environmental literacy, 6, 13, 20

definition, 7

environmentally mediated disease, 91–94

environmental policy, 470–489

adapting, 486

cap-and-trade, 472

economic incentives, 479

influences on, 478f

international, 480–481

making, 475–479

precautionary principle and, 476

purpose of, 473–475

tools, 478–483

transboundary problems and, 473, 474f

unintended consequences of, 483–485

in U.S., 473, 476t, 478f

environmental problems

causes of, 10

solving, 6

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 44, 475

air pollution regulation by, 386, 401

Air Quality Index, 392

CAA, 394

Clean Power Plan, 396

CO2 regulation by, 395–396

coal mining and, 359

definition, 45

emissions calculator, 489

pollution regulation by, 401

solid waste hierarchy, 125f

water pollution and, 290

environmental racism, 391

environmental science, 4–6

Environmental Working Group’s Skin Deep, 61

EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency

epidemiological studies, of BPA, 51

epidemiologists, 49–50, 85

EROEI. See energy return on energy investment

ESA. See Endangered Species Act

Estrada-Oyuela, Raúl, 481f

estrogen mimics, 54

ethane, fracking and, 379

EU. See European Union

EUI. See energy use intensity

European Union (EU), 46

age structure diagram, 73

GM crops in, 309

eutrophication

cultural, 282, 320–321

dead zones caused by, 284f

farming and, 287–288

Evans, Kate, 244, 246

evaporation, 260

Everglades National Park, 178f, 179f. See also Florida Everglades

evidence

of climate change, 405–409

collecting, 34

empirical, 24, 25

evolution, 198–217, 204f

common misconceptions about, 214t

definition, 202

genetic diversity and, 202–206

human impact on, 212–214

pace of, 210

selective pressures and, 210

e-waste, 129, 129f

Ewing, Reid, 501

experimental study, 33, 34

exponential growth, 164, 165f

logistic growth and, 166f

exposure limit, 46

external cost, 105, 107f

internalized, 106

extinction, 198–217

background rate of, 210–211

definition, 201

endemism and, 228

habitat destruction and, 211

human population and, 217f

isolation and, 228

mass, 211f

rate of, 210–212, 255

extirpation, 170, 206–207, 230–231

extrapolation, A–6

exurbs, 498, 499f