H

H2O, 150f. See also water

habitat, 142, 143f, 178

definition, 143, 179

structure of, 187f

habitat destruction, 172, 230, 242f

definition, 229

extinction and, 211

habitat fragmentation, 207, 228, 230, 231, 237, 242f

habitat loss, 237

oil and, 370

halocarbons, greenhouse effect and, 410

Handel, Steven, 356

Hardin, Garrett, 13

hasty generalizations, 56

Hawaiian Islands, 228

biodiversity on, 233f

Hawken, Paul, 100

hazardous waste

definition, 129

handling of, 129–130

household, 130

HCFC-22, 483

I-11

HCFC-23, 483

HCFCs. See hydrochlorofluorocarbons

health, human, 90–91

health costs, 107f

health impacts

of air pollution, 382–384, 386–389, 387f

of climate change, 419–421, 424

of coal mining and burning, 352f

of mountaintop removal, 349

heirloom seeds, 337

Hentges, Steven, 54

herbicides, 45

herbicide-tolerance (HT) gene, 308

Hermansen, Søren, 452, 461, 463–464

Hesketh, Terese, 72, 75

Hession, Martin, 486

HFC-22, 483, 485

HFC-23, 483–485

emission-reduction credits, 486

HFCs. See hydrofluorocarbons

Hicks, Brian, 287–288, 287f

high-level radioactive waste (HLRW), 440, 441

high-yield varieties (HYVs), 303

Hiroshima, Japan, 437

HLRW. See high-level radioactive waste

Hobet 21 (coal mining operation), 340–341, 344

holding ponds, 297

hormones, 53, 53f

endocrine disruptors and, 52

HT gene. See herbicide-tolerance gene

human communities, conservation and, 252–255

human health, in more and less developed, 90–91

human impact

on carbon cycle, 151, 151f

on Earth, 98

on ecosystems, 9–10, 83–84, 191

on environment, 101–105

on evolution, 212–214

factors in, 76

on Florida Everglades, 180–181

on forest elephants, 243–244

lessening, 77

on nutrient cycles, 155

on species, 241–243

humanities, 5

human population

age composition of, 73–75

Earth’s support of, 76f

extinctions and, 217f

factors influencing, 68–69

gender composition of, 73–75

IPAT model and, 102–104, 105f

in more/less developed countries, 68–69, 69f

resource use and, 76, 77

size, 10

in urban areas, 492–497

world, 72f

human population growth, 10, 64

age structure and, 67f

in China, 66

death rate decrease and, 70–73

declining, 72f

Industrial Revolution and, 66–67

projections, 65f, 79f

rate, 65f

throughout history, 64f

worldwide, 72, 72f

zero, 71, 74f, 75–77

human rights, one-child policy and, 70

human societies, sustainable ecosystems as model for, 12

hunger, 298–315

contributors to, 302

eradicating, 301–302, 315f

food production and, 303–305

malnutrition and, 300–302

world, 300–302, 301f

Hunts Point Riverside Park, 501, 507

Hurricane Irene, 445

Hvalsey, Greenland, 3f

hydraulic fracturing. See fracking

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), 37

greenhouse effect and, 410

hydroelectric dams, 454f, 462f

hydroelectric systems, run-of-the-river, 461, 462f

hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), 41, 479–480

emissions, 472

Kyoto Protocol and regulation of, 483

hydropower, 460–461, 462f

hydrothermal reservoirs, 459

hygiene, 93t, 95

hypothesis, ozone depletion, 29–35

hypoxia, 282

in Gulf of Mexico, 288, 292, 293f, 294

watershed management and, 288–294

hypoxic zones, 288–289

HYVs. See high-yield varieties