Wilder Graves Penfield (1891–1976) during his life was called “the greatest living Canadian.” He was a neurosurgeon who pioneered the surgical treatment of epilepsy, by carefully removing in each patient the specific part of the brain causing seizures. In the process, he was able to create the first detailed functional maps of the human brain—locating the regions responsible for feeling touch on different parts of the body, for moving different parts of the body, and for understanding and producing language. He relied on Hebb and Milner to evaluate the psychological effects of the surgeries that he conducted.

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