In the 1800s, French biologist Marie Jean Pierre Flourens and surgeon Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between
animals and humans.
the mind and the brain.
brain size and mental ability.
skull indentations and psychological attributes.
b
What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?
reaction time
childhood learning
phrenology
functions of specific brain areas
a
Wilhelm Wundt is credited with
coining the phrase “philosophical empiricism.”
setting the terms for the nature–
the founding of psychology as a scientific discipline.
conducting the first psychological experiment.
c
Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called
consciousness.
introspection.
structuralism.
objectivity.
c
____helped establish functionalism as a major school of psychological thought in North America.
William James
René Descartes
Franz Joseph Gall
Edward Titchener
a
The functional approach to psychology was inspired by
Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.
James’s The Principles of Psychology.
Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology.
Titchener’s An Outline of Psychology.
a
To understand human behaviour, French physicians Jean-
who appeared to be completely healthy.
with psychological disorders.
with damage in particular areas of the brain.
who had suffered permanent loss of cognitive and motor function.
b
Building on the work of Charcot and Janet, Sigmund Freud developed
psychoanalytic theory.
the theory of hysteria.
humanistic psychology.
physiological psychology.
a
The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is known as
structuralism.
psychoanalytic theory.
humanistic psychology.
functionalism.
c
Behaviourism involves the study of
observable actions and responses.
the potential for human growth.
unconscious influences and childhood experiences.
human behaviour and memory.
a
The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centred on
perception and behaviour.
stimulus and response.
reward and punishment.
conscious and unconscious behaviour.
b
Who developed the concept of reinforcement?
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
Margaret Floy Washburn
a
The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called
behavioural determinism.
Gestalt psychology.
social psychology.
cognitive psychology.
d
During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of the errors pilots make are the result of
computer errors in processing detailed information.
limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information.
pilot inattention to incoming information.
lack of behavioural training.
b
The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of
evolutionary psychology.
cognitive neuroscience.
cultural psychology.
cognitive accounts of language formation.
b
Central to evolutionary psychology is the _____ function that minds and brains serve.
emotional
adaptive
cultural
physiological
b
Social psychology differs most from other psychological approaches in its emphasis on
human interaction.
behavioural processes.
the individual.
laboratory experimentation.
a
Cultural psychology emphasizes that
all psychological processes are influenced to some extent by culture.
psychological processes are the same across all human beings, regardless of culture.
37
culture shapes some, but not all psychological phenomena.
insights gained from studying individuals from one culture will only rarely generalize to individuals from other cultures, who have different social identities and rituals.
c
Donald Hebb
studied with Wundt in the first psychology laboratory.
was a famous Canadian neurosurgeon.
was a student of William James.
was interested in how the brain changes as a result of learning.
d
Brenda Milner
discovered the brain basis of long-
studied with Karl Lashley.
operated on patients with seizure disorders.
studied “Little Albert” with J. B. Watson.
a