Chapter 1. Sex and Gender "We're Having a Baby!"

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You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.
We’re Having a Baby!
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The Situation: We’re Having a Baby!
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sex
the classification of someone as male or female based on biological characteristics.
gender
the dimensions of masculinity and femininity based on social, cultural, and psychological characteristics.
gender identity
the feeling or sense of being either male or female, and compatibility, contentment, and conformity with one’s gender.
gender schemas
the psychological or mental guidelines that dictate how to be masculine or feminine.
stereotypes
Conclusions or inferences we make about people who are different from us based on their group membership, in this case, gender.
gender roles
the collection of actions, beliefs, and characteristics that a culture associates with masculinity and femininity.

After a long day of classes, studying and socializing, you are thrilled to see a text message from your cousin Jordan, whom you haven’t heard from in a bit. You’re glad to have this break. Click the Read Text Message button to read Jordan’s message.

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What You Need to Know

Jordan and Taylor are waiting to find out the sex of their baby. As you saw in Chapter 10, the sex of a baby is determined when the egg is fertilized by the sperm. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and the 23rd pair determines the individual’s sex. An embryo with two X chromosomes is a biological female and an embryo with an X and a Y chromosome is a biological male. So, all children, except in some rare cases, are born with a genetic sex (XX for females and XY for males).

Question

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What makes a child act, feel, and think like a boy or girl? What creates the child’s gender? Even though they are often used together and/or interchangeably, sex and gender are not the same thing. Sex is a biological term. How gender develops in an individual is still a bit of a mystery, but it can be determined by the social, cultural, and psychological environment in which the individual is raised.

What gender identity will this baby have? Beyond the biological components, in this activity you will examine the role society and culture play in creating a child’s idea of feminine and masculine.

Question

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Skills You Can Use

Vocabulary plays a large role in culturally establishing gender roles. For example, what comes to mind when you think of the color “blue”? How about “pink”? Did you think of male babies for blue and female babies for pink? Do words like tender, aggressive, skirt, and tough make you think of one gender or another? All of these words tend to be associated with gender schemas, psychological or mental guidelines that dictate how to be masculine or feminine, and they correspond to our ideas of gender stereotypes. Why pink for a baby girl? Why is “aggressive” behavior “masculine”? Why is “tender” associated with feminine?

These ideas are deeply ingrained into our psychological mind-frame from a very early age. Think of gender stereotypes that you may have been exposed to as a child. As much as parents or guardians attempt to be “gender neutral,” society sends strong messages about how boys and girls should behave.

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Based on Chapter 5 in the text, what learning mechanisms play a role in gender development?

Check all that apply:

Correct! Operant conditioning and observational learning play a role in gender development.
Actually, operant conditioning and observational learning play a role in gender development.

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Beau Lark/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images

Question

You may not have been raised this way, but what societal pressures, starting in preschool, might play a role in how children think about gender and gender roles?

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Answers will vary, but could include pressure from parents and peers to conform to gender stereotypes. Parents, grandparents, and well-wishers will often buy gender-specific toys or games and clothing that conform to gender stereotypes. Children often tease classmates who do not conform to these stereotypes: “You’re a boy. Why do you like My Little Pony?” or “You’re a girl. Why are you wearing Spider Man sneakers?” This happens much more for males than females (Blakemore et al., 2009). According to research (Witt, 1997), fathers usually push these gender stereotypes more than mothers. All of the following can be mentioned as part of the answer: cartoons, books, music videos, song lyrics, reality TV, toys, commercials, games, dishes, clothes, bedding, and comic books.

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Based on both subtle and overt societal and cultural messages that bombard children on a daily basis, sort these phrases in one of two categories: masculine or feminine. Make your choice based on the category in which these sentences fit best.

Question

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From an early age, children are drilled with gender stereotypes that “teach” them how each gender should act. The phrases above demonstrate how powerful words are in pushing specific thought patterns onto children. This stereotypical use of language further promotes the gender schemas that children then use to organize how they believe males and females should act.

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Now, let’s look at some photos. Place each photo into either the masculine or feminine column.

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Hero Images/AGE Fotostock
Westend61/Getty Images
Marla Rutherford/Getty Images
DanielBendjy/Getty Images
RyanJLane/Getty Images
Sergei Butorin/Getty Images
DGLimages/Shutterstock

Question

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Did you have to think twice before categorizing these photos? These pictures represent contrasts to typical notions of masculinity and femininity. The individuals in the photos you sorted did not meet our society’s and culture’s expectations of gender roles. We have specific gender schemas for careers. For example, most individuals think “male” when someone says “construction worker.” When someone says “nurse,” many people think “female.” Sadly, most people who do not follow stereotypical gender roles (usually called “nontraditional gender roles”) report more stress, lower levels of social support, sexual harassment, and questions about their sexuality (Sifferlin, 2015). Why? In part, it is because these roles go against our societal norms and gender schemas.

Question

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In certain careers, there are tremendous shortages of men or women. In science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers, men far outnumber women. For example, only 22% of environmental scientists and 17% of chemical engineers are women (Huhman, 2012). Where are the male nurses? 91% of registered nurses are women. Men make up less than 3% of preschool and kindergarten teachers and less than 20% of elementary and middle-school teachers (Data About Male Teachers, 2007).

Question

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Why do you believe the numbers of specific genders in these careers are so low? Check all that apply.

Correct! There are very specific social expectations for careers considered appropriate for men and women; individuals who go against gender norms may feel uncomfortable or may even be harassed on the job; based on stereotypes, individuals sometimes do not believe a particular gender is qualified for a specific career; and parents may encourage their children to pursue specific careers based on gender stereotypes.
Actually, there are very specific social expectations for careers considered appropriate for men and women; individuals who go against gender norms may feel uncomfortable or may even be harassed on the job; based on stereotypes, individuals sometimes do not believe a particular gender is qualified for a specific career; and parents may encourage their children to pursue specific careers based on gender stereotypes.

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Do you believe that your gender affects your thoughts, feelings, attitudes and behaviors? How would you describe yourself in terms of masculinity and femininity? Let’s measure the extent to which you may display both masculine and feminine traits. The Bem Androgyny Scale measures the extent to which you express masculine and feminine traits. Please complete the scale. For each personality trait, rate yourself from 1 “never true” to 7 “always true”.

Question

1. Self-reliant RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
2. Yielding RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
3. Helpful RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
4. Defends own beliefs RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
5. Cheerful RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
6. Moody RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
7. Independent RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
8. Shy RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
9. Conscientious RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
10. Athletic RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
11. Affectionate RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
12. Theatrical RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
13. Assertive RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
14. Flatterable RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
15. Happy RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
16. Strong personality RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
17. Loyal RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
18. Unpredictable RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
19. Forceful RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
20. Feminine RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
21. Reliable RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
22. Analytical RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
23. Sympathetic RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
24. Jealous RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
25. Has leadership abilities RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
26. Sensitive to the needs of others RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
27. Truthful RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
28. Willing to take risks RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
29. Understanding RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
30. Secretive RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==

31. Makes decisions easily RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
32. Compassionate RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
33. Sincere RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
34. Self-sufficient RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
35. Eager to soothe hurt feelings RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
36. Conceited RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
37. Dominant RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
38. Soft spoken RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
39. Likable RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
40. Masculine RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
41. Warm RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
42. Solemn RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
43. Willing to take a stand RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
44. Tender RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
45. Friendly RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
46. Aggressive RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
47. Gullible RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
48. Inefficient RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
49. Acts as a leader RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
50. Childlike RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
51. Adaptable RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
52. Individualistic RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
53. Does not use harsh language RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
54. Unsystematic RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
55. Competitive RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
56. Loves children RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
57. Tactful RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
58. Ambitious RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
59. Gentle RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
60. Conventional RoNHQ7a34wn7o/MLBH1OpTq3aSTdyb4BpkdSYg==
{true} setModel("q1", qqMC1 + 1)
{true} setModel("q2", qqMC2 + 1)
{true} setModel("q3", qqMC3 + 1)
{true} setModel("q4", qqMC4 + 1)
{true} setModel("q5", qqMC5 + 1)
{true} setModel("q6", qqMC6 + 1)
{true} setModel("q7", qqMC7 + 1)
{true} setModel("q8", qqMC8 + 1)
{true} setModel("q9", qqMC9 + 1)
{true} setModel("q10", qqMC10 + 1)
{true} setModel("q11", qqMC11 + 1)
{true} setModel("q12", qqMC12 + 1)
{true} setModel("q13", qqMC13 + 1)
{true} setModel("q14", qqMC14 + 1)
{true} setModel("q15", qqMC15 + 1)
{true} setModel("q16", qqMC16 + 1)
{true} setModel("q17", qqMC17 + 1)
{true} setModel("q18", qqMC18 + 1)
{true} setModel("q19", qqMC19 + 1)
{true} setModel("q20", qqMC20 + 1)
{true} setModel("q21", qqMC21 + 1)
{true} setModel("q22", qqMC22 + 1)
{true} setModel("q23", qqMC23 + 1)
{true} setModel("q24", qqMC24 + 1)
{true} setModel("q25", qqMC25 + 1)
{true} setModel("q26", qqMC26 + 1)
{true} setModel("q27", qqMC27 + 1)
{true} setModel("q28", qqMC28 + 1)
{true} setModel("q29", qqMC29 + 1)
{true} setModel("q30", qqMC30 + 1)
{true} setModel("q31", qqMC31 + 1)
{true} setModel("q32", qqMC32 + 1)
{true} setModel("q33", qqMC33 + 1)
{true} setModel("q34", qqMC34 + 1)
{true} setModel("q35", qqMC35 + 1)
{true} setModel("q36", qqMC36 + 1)
{true} setModel("q37", qqMC37 + 1)
{true} setModel("q38", qqMC38 + 1)
{true} setModel("q39", qqMC39 + 1)
{true} setModel("q40", qqMC40 + 1)
{true} setModel("q41", qqMC41 + 1)
{true} setModel("q42", qqMC42 + 1)
{true} setModel("q431", qqMC43 + 1)
{true} setModel("q44", qqMC44 + 1)
{true} setModel("q45", qqMC45 + 1)
{true} setModel("q46", qqMC46 + 1)
{true} setModel("q47", qqMC47 + 1)
{true} setModel("q48", qqMC48 + 1)
{true} setModel("q49", qqMC49 + 1)
{true} setModel("q50", qqMC50 + 1)
{true} setModel("q51", qqMC51 + 1)
{true} setModel("q52", qqMC52 + 1)
{true} setModel("q53", qqMC53 + 1)
{true} setModel("q54", qqMC54 + 1)
{true} setModel("q55", qqMC55 + 1)
{true} setModel("q56", qqMC56 + 1)
{true} setModel("q57", qqMC57 + 1)
{true} setModel("q58", qqMC58 + 1)
{true} setModel("q59", qqMC59 + 1)
{true} setModel("q60", qqMC60 + 1)
{true} setModel("Mtotal", qqMC1 + qqMC4 + qqMC7 + qqMC10 + qqMC13 + qqMC16 + qqMC19 + qqMC22 + qqMC25 + qqMC28 + qqMC31 + qqMC34 + qqMC37 + qqMC40 + qqMC43 + qqMC46 + qqMC49 + qqMC52 + qqMC55 + qqMC58 + 20)
{true} setModel("Ftotal", qqMC2 + qqMC5 + qqMC8 + qqMC11 + qqMC14 + qqMC17 + qqMC20 + qqMC23 + qqMC26 + qqMC29 + qqMC32 + qqMC35 + qqMC38 + qqMC41 + qqMC44 + qqMC47 + qqMC50 + qqMC53 + qqMC56 + qqMC59 + 20)
{true} setModel("Masculinity", model.Mtotal / 20)
{true} setModel("Feminity", model.Ftotal / 20)
{true} setModel("Androgyny", model.Feminity - model.Masculinity )
{true} setModel("Masculinity_formatted", model.Masculinity.toFixed(1))
{true} setModel("Feminity_formatted", model.Feminity.toFixed(1))
{true} setModel("Androgyny_formatted", model.Androgyny.toFixed(1))
This is your femininity score: {model.Feminity_formatted}.
This is your masculinity score: {model.Masculinity_formatted}.
If your masculinity and femininity scores are both greater than 4.9, then you would be classified as androgynous. If your masculinity score is higher than 4.9 and your femininity score is less than 4.9, then you are considered more masculine. Likewise, if your femininity score is higher than 4.9 and your masculinity score is less than 4.9, then you are considered more feminine. If both of your scores are less than 4.9 for both, you are considered undifferentiated. Essentially, this means that you do not show traits of either gender in most situations.

1.11

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What does all this androgyny research actually mean? Multiple studies performed by Bem and other researchers have shown that androgynous individuals are likely to function at a higher level of flexibility and more easily adapt compared to more gender-typed individuals. This happens, in part, because androgynous individuals possess traits of both genders. People with androgynous traits tend to express more appropriate traits in different situations (e.g., act masculine when it is called for and act feminine when it is called for). In addition, studies have shown that androgynous individuals have higher self-esteem and greater psychological health (Bem 1975; Wulff & Steitz, 1999).

Question

+F7hsVnNae3G+b4wS7QCt9Ja6H6vpK3fhsZ/CkDraPfOUvQJWcc3phq0nFWNmvC82ggTbC7xN8BwNJTei4fDgM4IyVg9HE4qnLTBYTm5rdCgOFHW
Answers will vary but should include the point that it is difficult to live up to the ideals of both male and female stereotypes. The traits listed are often at opposite poles of a continuum. For example, “shy and soft-spoken” on the feminine scale is the opposite of “forceful and dominant” on the masculine scale. How can one individual possibly be both? Androgyny can be difficult to maintain because society tends to push (both overtly and covertly) specific gender stereotypes onto individuals. In addition, the scale was created in the 1970s and may not reflect the current perceptions of gender.

1.12

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Think It Through!

Now watch this video about gender stereotypes:

Question

true
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

Question

true
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

1.13

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In Your Own Words

Jordan and Taylor’s baby was just born. You will find out the baby’s biological sex as soon as you click on the birth announcement.

Question

n3T0MZnMOECx05GA4S4p+i5+5ClvNBzdKGPEArbswVRqAynalI+ZjOqe5PmTBsOaU+w7fonnUEWGGNqLb6P6OpDFuD3ZGxFiRudbWA==

1.14

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Question

Ojxfp8vLpAyHd7h9vG5MHlAQUTEOsA4M/GqSAQN9NxoT5fonsTlaFVbcq0AJvnqfDTyA2rU4MGc1onoetQ/kNo2fP0uOu6pFEOAZLCQjixrGGUx8O9bhVDqaNONoMVMwqM6I2C575iF5gGkimBU6CKC6Xd4d3vy5Ivf19Wpu19vv/rzUqpITz+Q8RgVos7wBKieVPrb+fn2ZcT+TmZ9teA8mXUCPb9LiNLoQMmi6+mgNlH37PtTjjmnoiLOryZeqBtDwp/IMB6rnLZC6JW1skTM8BGAr7/GsO/jgE+HTv/xpIeCJVDxhXzEMJuyVJW0EGuNimv4c1ksyOFlkhJCl4fCVFDlq5h0TeRs+B93w0uVGfLNSBPzc34/DIUFlEn+uvGZFbw==
Answers will vary, but should include a discussion of gender stereotypes and awareness of how pervasive they are. Answers should demonstrate how ingrained gender stereotypes are and the ways that society tends to push these ideas on children at a very early age. A discussion of how difficult it is to change these ideas can also be included.

1.15

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Show What You Know!

Question

true
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

Question

true
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

Question

true
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Question

true
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Question

true
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1.16

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References

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Blakemore, J. E. O., Berenbaum, S. A., and Liben, L. S., (2009). Gender Development. New York: Psychology Press.
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Data About Male Teachers (2007). Retrieved from
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Huhman, H. (2012) STEM Field and the Gender Gap: Where are the Women? Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2012/06/20/stem-fields-and-the-gender-gap-where-are-the-women/#2e4e83a033a9

Women in STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (2016) Retrieved from https://www.careerwise.mnscu.edu/careers/womenstem.html).

Sifferlin, A. (2015). Women earn 24% less than men on average, UN Report Finds. Time.com, N,pg Witt, S. D. (1997). Parental influence on children’s socialization to gender roles. Adolescence, 32,(126), 253–259.

Witt, S. D. (1997). Parental influence on children’s socialization to gender roles. Adolescence, 32,(126), 253–259.

Wulff, M. B., and Steitz, J. A. (1999). A path model of the relationship between career indecision, androgyny, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 935–940.