Infographic 11.1: Ego Defense Mechanisms

Text under the title reads “The impulsive demands of the id sometimes conflict with the moralistic demands of the superego, resulting in anxiety. When that anxiety becomes excessive, the ego works to relieve this uncomfortable feeling through the use of defense mechanisms (Freud, 1923/1960). Defense mechanisms give us a way to “defend” against tension and anxiety, but they are only sometimes adaptive, or helpful. Defense mechanisms can be categorized ranging from less adaptive to more adaptive (Vaillant, 1992). More adaptive defense mechanisms help us deal with our anxiety in more productive and mature ways.” Under the text is the diagram of anxiety, and to the right of it is a column showing a variety of responses to anxiety. A photograph of woman is shown thinking “Doctors freak me out! There’s no way I’m going to see one.” and “I really should get this mole checked. If it’s cancerous, it would be better to get it treated right away.” These thoughts are shown combining to create anxiety, which is processed in the Ego, which relieves anxiety by employing a defense mechanism. There are seven defense mechanism responses, ranging from more to less adaptive as follows: Sublimation, Identification, Displacement, Repression, Rationalization, Projection, and Denial. Each response includes a description and an example, which are as follows. Sublimation is redirecting unacceptable impulses into acceptable outlets. Example: “Instead of worrying about cancer risk, spend time researching clinics and selecting a highly trained dermatologist who specializes in mole analysis.” Identification is unconsciously modeling our feelings on the behaviors of someone we admire. Example: “Feeling worried about sun exposure, begin sporting the floppy hat and sunglasses frequently worn by a famous model.”. Displacement is shifting negative feelings and impulses to an acceptable target. Example: “When scheduling appointment with dermatologist, complain to receptionist about the long wait and inconvenient hours.” Repression is when anxiety-producing information is pushed into the unconscious. Example: “Continually forget to make an appointment.” Rationalization is creating an acceptable excuse for an uncomfortable situation. Example: “I’ve always had that mole. There’s nothing to worry about.” Projection is attributing your own anxiety-provoking thoughts and impulses to someone else. Example: “My girlfriend spends too much time sunbathing. I’ll tell her she should get screened for skin cancer!” Denial is refusing to recognize a distressing reality. Example: “Ignore the mole. ‘I’m way too young. It can’t be cancer.” Text on the bottom of the graphic reads “We may get better at dealing with stress and anxiety as we age. In a study comparing the use of defense mechanisms in different age groups, older participants were found to use fewer maladaptive defense mechanisms (Segal, Coolidge, & Mizuno, 2007).”