The introduction reads as follows: Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which we associate our voluntary actions with their consequences. For example, a pigeon naturally pecks things. But if every time the pigeon pecks a ball, he is given a reinforcer, the pigeon will soon learn to peck the ball more frequently. B. F. Skinner showed that operant conditioning could do more than elicit simple, isolated actions. Through the process of shaping, Skinner provided his pigeons with reinforcers when they performed at a desired level, teaching them behaviors that involved a series of actions, like bowling and tennis. Today, shaping is used routinely by parents, teachers, coaches, and employers to train all kinds of complex behaviors. A series of four graphics is labeled, “Skinner’s experiment: train a pigeon to play tennis.” In the upper graphic, labeled “Pigeon is rewarded with seeds for pecking the ball,” sketches of pigeons are shown in actions such as sitting on a branch, bending down to peck the ground, walking, and pecking a ball. An arrow labeled “Reinforcement” points to the bird pecking a ball, with a callout labeled “reinforcement with seeds.” The second graphic is labeled “Ball-pecking behavior increases,” and shows the bird pecking a ball in three out of four images. An arrow labeled “Reinforcement” points to each time the bird pecks the ball. The third graphic is labeled “Now only the next step toward “tennis” is rewarded,” and shows the bird pecking the ball in two graphics, and pushing the ball in one graphic. The graphic showing the bird pushing the ball shows an arrow labeled “Reinforcement” with a callout labeled “reinforcement with seeds.” The fourth graphic is labeled “Ball-pushing behavior increases,” and shows the bird pushing the ball in three graphics, with an arrow labeled “Reinforcement” pointing to each instance of the graphic. At the bottom is a photo of two pigeons standing at either side of a table with a ball in motion between the birds. The caption reads, “After behavior has been shaped through reinforcement, the pigeon has learned to play “tennis.” A series of graphics at the right is titled, “Have you been trained?” The introduction reads as follows: Not every child is born loving the healthy foods his parent offers. But shaping can help a child learn to eat his vegetables. Over a period of time, reinforcement is given for behaviors that are closer and closer to this goal. Can you think of anything that would be a reward for eating vegetables? Praise or the excitement of a contest may work in this way. The top graphic shows a young child looking down at a plate of vegetables. The caption reads, “1. Child refuses to eat vegetables.” The second graphic shows a child holding a fork with a plate of vegetables in front of him. A word balloon reads “Yes!” The caption reads, “2. Reinforced for touching fork.” The third graphic shows a child digging into a plate of vegetables with a fork. A word balloon reads “Good Job!” The caption reads, “3. Now, reinforced for touching vegetables.” The fourth graphic shows a child eating vegetables. The caption reads, “4. After behavior has been shaped through reinforcement, the child has learned to eat his vegetables.”