1.2 Contents
Preface xi
Part 1 Geospatial Data and GPS
CHAPTER 1
It’s a Geospatial World Out There
An Introduction to Geospatial Technologies, Geospatial Data, Geospatial Jobs, and Google Earth 1
What Is Geospatial Technology? 2
Who Uses Geospatial Technology? 2
What Is Geospatial Data? 8
What Does All This Have to Do with Geography? 12
What Is Google Earth? 14
Geospatial Lab Application 1.1: Introduction to Geospatial Concepts and Google Earth 19
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
1.1 What Happens to Privacy in a Geospatial World? 16
Hands-on Applications
1.1 Industries Using Geospatial Technology 3
1.2 Jobs in the Geospatial Field 4
1.3 Mapping Data Layers Online 10
1.4 Examining Real Estate Values Online 11
1.5 Geospatial Technology and Emergency Preparedness 11
1.6 The Geospatial Revolution Will Be Televised 12
1.7 User-Generated Geospatial Content Online 14
1.8 The Google Earth Plug-In 17
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 18
CHAPTER 2
Where in the Geospatial World Are You?
Locations in a Digital World, Position Measurements, Datums, Coordinate Systems, GCS, Map Projections, UTM, and SPCS 33
What Is a Datum? 34
What Is a Geographic Coordinate System? 35
How Can Real-World Data Be Translated onto a Two-Dimensional Surface? 41
What Is UTM? 44
What Is SPCS? 47
Geospatial Lab Application 2.1: Coordinates and Position Measurements 52
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
2.1 Do You Really Need Printed Maps in a Digital World? 40
Hands-on Applications
2.1 Great Circle Distance Calculations 40
2.2 Examining the Effects of Different Map Projections 43
2.3 Converting from Latitude/Longitude to UTM 47
2.4 Using the State Plane Coordinate System 50
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 51
CHAPTER 3
Getting Your Data to Match the Map
Reprojecting, Georeferencing, Control Points, and Transformations 58
How Can You Align Different Geospatial Datasets to Work Together? 58
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What Is Georeferencing? 60
How Can Data Be Georeferenced? 62
How Is Data Transformed to a Georeferenced Format? 65
Geospatial Lab Application 3.1: Georeferencing an Image 72
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
3.1 What Happens When Measurements Don’t Match Up? 59
3.2 What Happens When the Georeferencing Is Wrong? 69
Hands-on Applications
3.1 David Rumsey Historical Map Collection 61
3.2 Online Georeferencing Resources 65
3.3 Georeferenced National Park Maps 69
3.4 An Overview of the Georeferencing Process in ArcGIS 70
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 71
CHAPTER 4
Finding Your Location with the Global Positioning System
GPS Origins, Position Measurement, Errors, Accuracy, GNSS around the World, Applications, and Geocaching 80
Who Made GPS? 81
What Does the Global Positioning System Consist Of? 81
How Does GPS Find Your Position? 84
Why Isn’t GPS Perfectly Accurate? 88
How Can You Get Better Accuracy from GPS? 91
What Other GNSS Are There Beyond GPS? 92
What Are Some Applications of GPS? 94
Geospatial Lab Application 4.1: GPS Applications 100
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
4.1 What Happens if GPS Stops Working? 97
Hands-on Applications
4.1 Trilateration Concepts 87
4.2 Things to Do Before You Go Geocaching 96
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 99
Part 2 Geographic Information Systems
CHAPTER 5
Working with Digital Geospatial Data and GIS
Geographic Information Systems, Modeling the Real World, Vector Data and Raster Data, Attribute Data, Joining Tables, Metadata, Esri, ArcGIS, and QGIS 109
How Does GIS Represent Real-World Items? 111
How Can You Represent the Real World as Continuous Fields? 117
How Is Non-Spatial Data Handled by GIS? 119
What Other Kind of Information Do You Need to Use GIS Data? 122
What Kinds of GIS Are Available? 124
Geospatial Lab Application 5.1: GIS Introduction: QGIS Version 130
Geospatial Lab Application 5.2: GIS Introduction: ArcGIS Version 143
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
5.1 What Happens When You Don’t Have Metadata? 123
Hands-on Applications
5.1 Using GIS Online 110
5.2 ArcGIS Online 112
5.3 USGS Digital Line Graphs 115
5.4 The National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 118
5.5 Esri ArcNews, ArcUser, and ArcWatch 126
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 128
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CHAPTER 6
Using GIS for Spatial Analysis
Database Query and Selection, Buffers, Overlay Operations, Geoprocessing Concepts, and Modeling with GIS 158
How Can Data Be Retrieved From a GIS for Analysis? 159
How Can You Perform Basic Spatial Analysis in GIS? 163
How Can Multiple Types of Spatial Analysis Operations Be Performed in GIS? 170
Geospatial Lab Application 6.1: GIS Spatial Analysis: QGIS Version 177
Geospatial Lab Application 6.2: GIS Spatial Analysis: ArcGIS Version 188
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
6.1 What Are Potential Societal or Policy Impacts of GIS Models? 175
Hands-on Applications
6.1 Building SQL Queries in GIS 162
6.2 Working with Buffers in GIS 166
6.3 The Land Transformation Model 174
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 176
CHAPTER 7
Using GIS to Make a Map
Scale, Map Elements, Map Layouts, Type, Thematic Maps, Data Classification Methods, Color Choices, and Digital Map Distribution Formats 198
How Does the Scale of the Data Affect the Map (and Vice Versa)? 199
What Are Some Design Elements Included in Maps? 202
How Is Data Displayed on a GIS Map? 205
What Kinds of Colors Are Best to Use with GIS Maps? 211
How Can GIS Maps Be Exported and Distributed? 212
Geospatial Lab Application 7.1: GIS Layouts: QGIS Version 215
Geospatial Lab Application 7.2: GIS Layouts: ArcGIS Version 229
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
7.1 Why is Map Design Important? 199
Hands-on Applications
7.1 Powers of 10 – A Demonstration of Scale 202
7.2 TypeBrewer Online 204
7.3 Presidential Election Thematic Maps 206
7.4 Interactive Thematic Mapping Online 210
7.5 ColorBrewer Online 212
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 214
CHAPTER 8
Getting There Quicker with Geospatial Technology
Vehicle Navigation Systems, Road Maps in a Digital World, Creating a Street Network, Geocoding, Shortest Paths, and Street Networks Online 244
How Do You Model a Network for Geospatial Technology? 246
How Is Address Matching Performed? 250
How Are Shortest Paths Found? 255
How Are Networks Used in Geospatial Technology? 259
Geospatial Lab Application 8.1: Geocoding and Shortest Path Analysis: QGIS Version 264
Geospatial Lab Application 8.2: Geocoding and Shortest Path Analysis: ArcGIS Version 282
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
8.1 What Happens When the Maps Are Incorrect? 245
8.2 What Kind of Issues Come with Google Street View? 261
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Hands-on Applications
8.1 TIGER Files Online 248
8.2 Geocoding Using Online Resources 253
8.3 Solve Your Network Problems with Dijkstra 256
8.4 Online Mapping and Routing Applications and Shortest Paths 257
8.5 Examining Google Street View 261
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 262
Part 3 Remote Sensing
CHAPTER 9
Remotely Sensed Images from Above
Where Aerial Photography Came From, Color Infrared Photos, Orthophotos, Oblique Photos, Visual Image Interpretation, and Photogrammetric Measurements 299
How Did Aircraft Photography Develop? 300
What Are the Different Types of Aerial Photos? 305
How Can You Interpret Objects in an Aerial Image? 312
How Can You Make Measurements from an Aerial Photo? 316
Geospatial Lab Application 9.1: Visual Imagery Interpretation 321
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
9.1 How Can UAVs Be Used for Security Purposes? 304
Hands-on Applications
9.1 World War II Aerial Photography Online 304
9.2 Examining CIR Photos 307
9.3 The National Aerial Photography Program 308
9.4 NAIP Imagery Online 310
9.5 Oblique Imagery on Bing Maps 311
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 320
CHAPTER 10
How Remote Sensing Works
Electromagnetic Energy, the Remote Sensing Process, Spectral Reflectance, NDVI, Digital Imagery, and Color Composites 327
What Is Remote Sensing Actually Sensing? 329
What Is the Role of the Atmosphere in Remote Sensing? 332
What Happens to Energy When It Hits a Target on the Ground? 333
How Can Spectral Reflectance Be Used in Remote Sensing? 335
How Do You Display a Digital Remotely Sensed Image? 338
Geospatial Lab Application 10.1: Remotely Sensed Imagery and Color Composites 347
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
10.1 How Does Remote Sensing Affect Your Privacy? 334
Hands-on Applications
10.1 Viewing Remotely Sensed Imagery Online 328
10.2 Examining NDVI with NASA ICE 338
10.3 Color Tools Online: Color Mixing 341
10.4 Comparing True Color and False Color Composites 344
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 345
CHAPTER 11
Images from Space
Satellite Remote Sensing, Satellite Orbits, Sensor Resolutions, the Landsat Program, and High-Resolution Satellite Sensors 355
How Do Remote Sensing Satellites Collect Data? 357
What Are the Capabilities of a Satellite Sensor? 361
What Is a Landsat Satellite and What Does It Do? 364
What Satellites Have High-Resolution Sensors? 372
Geospatial Lab Application 11.1: Landsat Imagery 378
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Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
11.1 What Effect Does Satellite Remote Sensing Have on Political Borders? 360
11.2 What If There Is No Landsat 9? 368
Hands-on Applications
11.1 Examining Satellite Orbits in Real Time 358
11.2 Seeing What the Satellites Can See 363
11.3 Streaming Landsat Imagery 366
11.4 Viewing Landsat Imagery with GloVis and LandsatLook 370
11.5 Applications of Landsat Imagery 372
11.6 Viewing High-Resolution Satellite Imagery 376
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 377
CHAPTER 12
Studying the Environment from Space
NASA’s Earth Observing System Program, Terra, Aqua, Aura, and Viewing and Examining EOS Imagery 386
What Is Terra and What Can It Do? 387
What Is Aqua and What Does It Do? 394
What Is Aura and What Does It Do? 396
How Can EOS Applications Be Easily Viewed and Analyzed? 399
Geospatial Lab Application 12.1: Earth Observing System Imagery 406
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
12.1 How Can EOS Data Be Used in Studying and Monitoring Climate Change? 399
Hands-on Applications
12.1 MODIS Rapid-Fire Online 392
12.2 ASTER Applications 393
12.3 Aqua Products and the Visible Earth 396
12.4 Aura Products and the Visible Earth 399
12.5 Using the Earth Observatory to Work Interactively with EOS Imagery 401
12.6 NASA Eyes on the Earth 403
12.7 Examining Other Environmental Remote Sensing Applications 403
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 404
Part 4 Geospatial Applications
CHAPTER 13
Digital Landscaping
Digital Topographic Maps, Contours, Digital Terrain Modeling, Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), NED, SRTM, LIDAR, and 3D Views of Landscapes and Terrain 417
How Can Terrain Be Represented? 418
How Can Geospatial Technology Represent Terrain? 422
What Is a DEM? 424
How Are Terrain Models Created? 425
How Can You Make Terrain Look More Realistic? 427
Geospatial Lab Application 13.1: Digital Terrain Analysis 433
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
13.1 If Everything’s Digital, Do We Still Need Printed Topo Maps? 422
Hands-on Applications
13.1 Digital Raster Graphics Online 420
13.2 US Topo Maps as GeoPDFs 422
13.3 SRTM Imagery Online 426
13.4 Terrain and Imagery: Examples in Google Earth 430
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 432
CHAPTER 14
See the World in 3D
3D Geovisualization, 3D Modeling and Design, Prism Maps, SketchUp, and Google Earth in 3D 445
What Is 3D Modeling? 446
How Are 3D Maps Made? 450
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How Can 3D Modeling and Visualization Be Used with Geospatial Technology? 451
How Can Geospatial Data Be Visualized in 3D? 459
Geospatial Lab Application 14.1: 3D Modeling and Visualization 464
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
14.1 What’s the Advantage of Using 3D Design? 449
Hands-on Applications
14.1 Creating Prism Maps Online 451
14.2 Digging into Trimble’s 3D Warehouse 456
14.3 3D Hawaii 457
14.4 3D Buildings in Google Earth 458
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 463
CHAPTER 15
Life in the Geospatial Cloud and Other Current Developments
How to Easily Get Data Online, Using the Cloud with Geospatial Technology, Web Maps, Who’s Involved with Geospatial Technology, Geospatial Technologies in K–12 Education, and College and University Geospatial Educational Programs 482
What Other Kinds of Geospatial Data Are Available Online? 483
How Is the Cloud Used with Geospatial Technology? 486
Who Is Involved with Geospatial Technology? 492
How Is Geospatial Technology Used in K–12 Educational Efforts? 494
What Types of Educational Opportunities Are Available with Geospatial Technology? 497
Geospatial Lab Application 15.1: Exploring ArcGIS Explorer 502
Thinking Critically with Geospatial Technology
15.1 Who Owns Geospatial Data? 492
15.2 What’s Next for Geospatial Technologies? 499
Hands-on Applications
15.1 Other Freely Available Geospatial Technology Programs and Tools Online 483
15.2 The National Map Viewer 485
15.3 Mapping for Everyone 488
15.4 Creating Web Maps with ArcGIS Online 490
15.5 ArcGIS for Server Showcase 491
15.6 More Than a Map—The Google Maps API 491
15.7 AmericaView and the StateView Programs 494
15.8 Educational Resources and Lesson Plans 495
15.9 Degree Programs and Certificates for Geospatial Technology 498
Apps, Blogs, and Social Media 500
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
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