Creating a List of References

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Directory to Reference-List Models

Author Listings

One author

More than one author

Unknown author

Corporation, organization, or government agency as author

Two or more works by the same author

Books (Print, Electronic)

Basic format for a book

Author and editor

Edited collection

Work in an anthology or edited collection

Translation

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Dictionary entry or article in another reference book

Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword

Later edition of a book

Government document

Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Articles (Print, Electronic)

From a scholarly journal

From a newspaper

From a magazine

Editorial or letter to the editor

Review

Multimedia Sources (Print, Electronic)

Television program

Film, video, or DVD

Sound recording

Interview

Other Electronic Sources

Web site

Web page or document on a Web site

Discussion list and newsgroup postings

Blog post

Wiki entry

E-mail message

Computer software

Author Listings

When the list of references includes several works by the same author, the APA provides the following rules for arranging these entries in the list:

One author

Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America. New York, NY: Metropolitan.

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More than one author

Saba, L., & Gattis, J. (2002). The McGraw-Hill homeschooling companion. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Hunt, L., Po-Chia Hsia, R., Martin, T. R., Rosenwein, B. H., Rosenwein, H., & Smith, B. G. (2001). The making of the West: Peoples and cultures. Boston, MA: Bedford.

If there are more than seven authors, list only the first six, insert an ellipsis ( . . . ), and add the last author’s name.

Unknown author Begin the entry with the title.

Communities blowing whistle on street basketball. (2003). USA Today, p. 20A.

If an author is designated as “Anonymous,” include the word Anonymous in place of the author, and alphabetize it as “Anonymous” in the reference list.

Anonymous. (2006). Primary colors. New York, NY: Random House.

Corporation, organization, or government agency as author

American Medical Association. (2004). Family medical guide. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Two or more works by the same author

When you cite two or more works by the same author, arrange them in chronological (time) order.

Pinker, S. (2005). So how does the mind work? Mind and Language, 20(1): 1-24. doi:10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00274.x

Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. New York, NY: Viking.

When you cite two works by the same author in the same year, alphabetize entries by title and then add a lowercase letter following each year.

Pinker, S. (2005a). Hotheads. New York, NY: Pocket Penguins.

Pinker, S. (2005b). So how does the mind work? Mind and Language, 20(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1111/j.0268-1064.2005.00274.x

Books (Print, Electronic)

When citing a book, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and any proper nouns (Dallas, Darwin). Book titles are italicized.

Basic format for a book

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If an e-book has been assigned a digital object identifier (or doi)—a combination of numbers and letters assigned by the publisher to identify the work—add that information at the end of the citation.

Author and editor

Arnold, M. (1994). Culture and anarchy (S. Lipman, Ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1869)

Edited collection

Waldman, D., & Walker, J. (Eds.). (1999). Feminism and documentary. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Work in an anthology or edited collection

Fairbairn-Dunlop, P. (1993). Women and agriculture in western Samoa. In J. H. Momsen & V. Kinnaird (Eds.), Different places, different voices (pp. 211-226). London, England: Routledge.

Translation

Tolstoy, L. (2002). War and peace (C. Garnett, Trans.). New York, NY: Modern Library. (Original work published 1869)

Dictionary entry or article in another reference book

Rowland, R. P. (2001). Myasthenia gravis. In Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 19, p. 683). Danbury, CT: Grolier.

Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword

Graff, G., & Phelan, J. Preface (2004). In M. Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (pp. iii-vii). Boston, MA: Bedford.

Later edition of a book

Axelrod, R., & Cooper, C. (2013). The St. Martin’s guide to writing (10th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford.

Government document

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). Trends in underage drinking in the United States, 1991-2007. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Note: when the author and publisher are the same, use the word Author (not italicized) as the name of the publisher.

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Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Bullock, B. (1986). Basic needs fulfillment among less developed countries: Social progress over two decades of growth (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.

Articles (Print, Electronic)

For articles, capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns (Barclay, Berlin), and the first word following a colon (if any). Omit quotation marks around the titles of articles, but capitalize all the important words of journal, newspaper, and magazine titles, and set them in italics. If you are accessing an article through a database, follow the model for a comparable source.

From a scholarly journal

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Include the digital object identifier (or doi) when available. When a doi has not been assigned, include the journal’s URL.

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From a newspaper

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ELECTRONIC Barboza, D., and LaFraniere, S. (2012, May 17). ‘Princelings’ in China use family ties to gain riches. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
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From a magazine If a magazine is published weekly or biweekly (every other week), include the full date following the author’s name. If it is published monthly or bimonthly, include just the year and month (or months).

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Editorial or letter to the editor

Kosinski, T. (2012, May 15). Who cares what she thinks? [Letter to the editor]. The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved from http://www.suntimes.com/opinions/letters/12522890-474/who-cares-what-she-thinks.html

Review

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If the review is untitled, use the bracketed information as the title, retaining the brackets.

Multimedia Sources (Print or Electronic)

Television program

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Film, video, or DVD

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Sound recording

PODCAST Dubner, S. (2012, May 17). Retirement kills [Audio podcast]. Freakonomics Radio. Retrieved from http://www.freakonomics.com
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Interview Do not list personal interviews in your reference list. Instead, cite the interviewee in your text (last name and initials), and in parentheses give the notation personal communication (in regular type, not italicized) followed by a comma and the date of the interview. For published interviews, use the appropriate format for an article.

Other Electronic Sources

For more information on finding sources, see Chapter 25.

A rule of thumb for citing electronic sources not covered in one of the preceding sections is to include enough information to allow readers to access and retrieve the source. For most online sources, provide as much of the following as you can:

Web site The APA does not require an entry in the list of references for entire Web sites. Instead, give the name of the site in your text with its Web address in parentheses.

Web page or document on a Web site

American Cancer Society. (2011, Oct. 10). Child and teen tobacco use. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerCauses/TobaccoCancer/ChildandTeenTobaccoUse/child-and-teen-tobacco-use-what-to-do

Heins, M. (2003, January 24). The strange case of Sarah Jones. The Free Expression Policy Project. Retrieved from http://www.fepproject.org/commentaries/sarahjones.html

Discussion list and newsgroup postings Include online postings in your list of references only if you can provide data that would allow others to retrieve the source.

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Blog post

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Wiki entry Start with the article title and include the post date (or n.d., if there is no date), since wikis may be updated frequently, as well as the retrieval date.

Sleep. (2011, November 26). Retrieved May 21, 2011, from Wiki of Science: http://wikiofscience.wikidot.com/science:sleep

E-mail message Personal correspondence, including e-mail, should not be included in your reference list. Instead, cite the person’s name in your text, and in parentheses give the notation personal communication (in regular type, not italicized) and the date.

Computer software If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, cite that person’s name as you would for a print text. Otherwise, cite as you would for an anonymous print text.

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