radio programs, italics for, H-78

Rana, Ammar, “Jihad: The Struggle in the Way of God”

ranking scale question, 687, 688

Ratinov, David, “From Innocence to Insight: ‘Araby’ as an Initiation Story”

readability

combining sentences for, 398–99

and sentences. See sentences and sentence structure; sentence strategies

readers

considering and writing. See audience

critical comments from. See Critical Reading Guide

cues while reading. See cueing strategies

objections, acknowledging, 618

objections, anticipating

evaluations, 380, 386–87, 389–90

position arguments, 248, 282–84, 292

proposals for solutions, 302, 315, 321, 327–28, 331, 342

speculation about cause, 407–8, 435, 442–44

reading

critically. See Critical Reading Guide

and learning to write, 4

reading strategies, 576–97

annotating, 521–28

beliefs and values, reflecting on, 521, 538–39

contextualizing, 521, 534–35

emotional manipulation, recognizing, 521, 541–42

figurative language, exploring significance of, 521, 536–37

logic of argument, evaluating, 521, 539–41

outlining, 521, 529–31

paraphrasing, 521, 531–32

patterns of opposition, finding, 521, 537–38

summarizing, 521, 532–33

synthesizing, 521, 697–98

taking inventory, 521, 528

writer’s credibility, assessing, 521, 542–43

the reason is because, avoiding, 452, H-38

reasons (supporting thesis)

as categories, 599

in position arguments, 247, 249, 280, 282, 293–94

in proposals for solutions, 301

support for. See supporting evidence

Record of Errors, H-3–4

red herring, 621

redundant words and phrases, eliminating, H-43–44

“Reel Sounds of Violence, The” (On the Media)

reference book article

APA style documentation, 744

MLA style documentation, 719–20

references, list of, 122. See also APA style

reflecting

on challenges to beliefs and values, 521, 539

on genre. See individual types of essays

on interviews, 95, 685–86

on learning. See individual types of essays

on observations, 95, 584

on work and learning, in writing portfolios, 768–69

reflexive pronouns

defined, H-100

and pronoun case, H-17

reframing

in evaluations, 378–80

in proposals for solutions, 336–37, 340

sentence strategies, 406

in speculation about cause, 406, 424

refutation (argues against), 619–20

concession-refutation move, 248–49, 259, 283–84, 390–91, 625

defined, 199, 248, 302, 619

in evaluations, 356, 373, 380, 390

in position arguments, 248–49, 259, 271, 275, 282–84, 293–94

proposals for solutions, 302–3, 321, 339–40

sentence strategies for, 302, 339–40, 623–24

in speculation about cause, 408, 420–21, 444

transitions (words or phrases) with, 248, 356, 391

RefWorks, 671

relative clauses. See adjective (relative) clauses

relative pronouns

adjective clauses, introducing, H-108

and nonrestrictive clauses, H-14

with noun clauses, H-109

personal and nonpersonal, H-15, H-100

pronoun agreement, H-14–16

religious works, MLA style documentation, 713

remembered event essays, 8–57

design elements

and individual medium, 48–49

visuals, using, 31

drafting, 33–45

autobiographical significance, conveying, 42–43

conflict, exploring, 42

descriptions, 39–42

descriptive details, incorporating, 41–42

dialogue, 38–39

dominant impression, conveying, 43

drafting essay, 44

dramatic arc, 36–37

emotions, exploring, 43

ideas into words, Ways In, 35–36

main point, considering, 42

memorabilia/photos, exploring, 40

opening sentence, 43–44

outline, 36–37

present perspective, exploring, 43

purpose for writing, revisiting, 42

quick sketch/outline, 35–36

shaping story, 35–36

testing story with others, 37

time sequence and verb tenses, 38, 50–51

topics (events), choosing, 34–35

evaluating draft, Critical Thinking Guide, 44–45

genre

basic features, 11–13

media alternatives for, 31, 48

practicing with group, 10

reflecting on, 57

Guide to Reading, 11–31

“American Childhood, An” (Dillard), 12, 17–21, 29, 36, 38–42

audience and purpose, 11, 13, 35–36, 42, 54

“Calling Home” (Brandt), 13–17, 21, 29–30, 39–41, 51–56

connections, making, 20, 25, 28–29

features of genre, 11–13, 20–22, 25–27, 29–31

“In Too Deep” (Ruprecht), 27–30, 36, 39–41

purpose for writing, 13, 42, 54

topics, considering, 22, 27, 30

“Treasure” (cartoon) (Beaton), 31

“Tupac and My Non-thug Life” (Desmond-Harris), 12–13, 22–27, 38–41

Guide to Writing, 32–33

learning, reflecting on, 56–57

research, Internet research, 34

revising draft, 45–51

for dialogue issues, 50

for right words/expressions, 49–50

Troubleshooting Guide, 46–47

for verb tense, 50–51

by writer, 55–56

Thinking Critically about, 56–57

Writer at Work (Jean Brandt), 51–56

writing situation for

about service experience, 783

college courses, 8

community, 9

workplace, 9

writing strategies

action sequences, 20

autobiographical significance, conveying, 11, 13, 21–22, 30

coming full circle, 30

descriptions, 12–13, 20–21, 25–26

dialogue, use of, 12, 25, 36, 51–52

dominant impression, creating, 13, 21

dramatic arc, 12, 29, 48

figures of speech, use of, 29–30

humor, using, 28–29

naming and detailing, 20–21

present perspective, 13, 22, 53–54

remembered thoughts and feelings, presenting, 13, 26–27, 31, 43, 52–53

showing and telling, 21–22

stream of consciousness, 21–22

well-told story, elements of, 11–12, 20, 25–26, 29–30

repeated words, multilingual writers, troublespots, H-93–94

repetition

eliminating in sentences, H-43–44

of words. See word repetition

republished book, MLA style documentation, 719

“Requiem for a Dream: Fantasy versus Reality” (Lemus)

research. See also field research; Internet research; library research

for common ground essays, 195–96, 202

for evaluations, 389

for explanations of concepts, 153, 155

for position arguments, 280–81

for profiles, 91–98

for proposals for solutions, 338–39

for speculation about cause, 437, 440, 443

stories, analysis of, 482–83

research papers

documentation styles for. See APA style; MLA style

keywords, listing, 670–71

research log, 670

rhetorical situation, analyzing, 667–68

schedule for, 668–69

topic, choosing, 669–70

working bibliography for, 671–73

resolution

in dramatic arc, 12, 37

remembered event essays, 12, 37, 48

restrictive clauses

adjective (relative) clauses as, H-108

pronoun agreement, H-14–16

restrictive word groups

commas, unnecessary, H-55

examples of, H-52

results section, social sciences reports, 689

résumés, 657–59

cover letters, 659

design elements, 658

reviews

APA style documentation, 746

essay as. See evaluations

MLA style documentation, 724

revising. See also specific types of essays, for example, remembered event essays

common ground essays, 209–13

evaluations, 394–99

explanations of concepts, 161–68

position arguments, 286–92

profiles, 103–9

proposals for solutions, 341–46

remembered event essays, 45–51, 55–56

speculation about cause, 448–52

stories, analysis of, 486–90

rhetorical context, and analysis of visuals, 626, 629

rhetorical questions

categories, establishing with, 599

common ground essays, 202

explanations of concepts, 120, 156

framing with, 341

proposals for solutions, 314

sentence strategies, 201

speculation about cause, 421

as topic sentences, 120

rhetorical situation. See also audience; context; genres; purpose for writing

defined, 2, 132

evaluations, 355, 366

for research project, analyzing, 667–68

Rosen, Christine, “Myth of Multitasking, The,” 353, 355, 374–81

Rosin, Hanna, “Mother Inferior?,” 188–89, 222–25

Rowe, Mike, Dirty Jobs, “Skull Cleaner,” 87,

RSS (Really Simple Syndication), 681

run-on sentences, correcting, H-7–8

Ruprecht, Tom, “In Too Deep,” 27–30, 36, 39–41