32d Preparing an MLA list of works cited

32dPreparing an MLA list of works cited

Contents:

Directory to MLA-style works-cited entries

Quick Help: Citing sources that don’t match any model exactly

Quick Help: Formatting print periodical entries

Quick Help: Citing digital sources

Quick Help: Citing visuals that appear in your text

Tutorial: How to cite an article in MLA style

Tutorial: How to cite a book in MLA style

Tutorial: How to cite a database in MLA style

Tutorial: How to cite a Web site in MLA style

A list of works cited is an alphabetical list of the sources you have referred to in your essay. (If your instructor asks you to list everything you have read as background, call the list Works Consulted.) You begin the works-cited list on a separate page or slide after the text of your project and any notes, under the centered heading Works Cited (not italicized or in quotation marks).

Guidelines for author listings

The list of works cited is arranged alphabetically. The in-text citations in your writing point readers toward particular sources on the list (32c).

NAME CITED IN SIGNAL PHRASE IN TEXT

Crystal explains . . .

NAME IN PARENTHETICAL CITATION IN TEXT

. . . (Crystal 107).

BEGINNING OF ENTRY ON LIST OF WORKS CITED

Crystal, David.

Models 1–6 explain how to arrange author names. The information that follows the name depends on the type of work you are citing—a print book (models 7–28); a print periodical (models 29–36); a written text from a digital source, such as an article from a Web site or database (models 37–54); sources from art, film, comics, or other media, including live performances (models 55–77); and academic, government, and legal sources (models 78–85). Consult the model that most closely resembles the source you are using.

1. One author Put the last name first, followed by a comma, the first name (and initial, if any), and a period.

Crystal, David.

2. Multiple authors For two authors, list the first author’s last name first (see model 1). Follow this with a comma, the word and, and the name of the second author with the first name first.

Stiglitz, Joseph E., and Bruce C. Greenwald.

For three or more authors, list the first author followed by a comma and et al. (“and others”).

Lupton, Ellen, et al.

3. Organization or group author Give the name of the group, government agency, corporation, or other organization listed as the author.

Getty Trust.

United States. Government Accountability Office.

4. Unknown author When the author is not identified, begin the entry with the title, and alphabetize by the first important word. Italicize titles of books and long works, but put titles of articles and other short works in quotation marks.

“California Sues EPA over Emissions.”

New Concise World Atlas.

5. Author using a pseudonym (pen name) or screen name Give the author’s name as it appears in the source, followed by the real name in parentheses. If you don’t know the author’s real name, use only the pseudonym or screen name.

Atrios (Duncan Black).

JennOfArk.

6. Two or more works by the same author Arrange the entries alphabetically by title. Include the author’s name in the first entry, but in subsequent entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. (For the basic format for citing a book, see model 7. For the basic format for citing an article from an online newspaper, see model 40.)

Chopra, Anupama. “Bollywood Princess, Hollywood Hopeful.” New York Times, 10 Feb. 2008, nyti.ms/1QEtNpF.

---. King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema. Warner Books, 2007.

Note: Use three hyphens only when the work is by exactly the same author(s) as the previous entry.

Print books

Directory to MLA-style works-cited entries

7. Basic format for a book Begin with the author name(s). (See models 1–6.) Then include the title and subtitle, the publisher, and the publication year. The source map shows where to find this information in a typical book.

Crystal, David. Language Play. U of Chicago P, 1998.

Note: Place a period and a space after the name, title, and date. Place a comma after the publisher, and in the publisher’s name, omit Co. or Inc., and abbreviate University and Press to U and P.

8. Author and editor both named

Bangs, Lester. Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung. Edited by Greil Marcus, Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.

To cite the editor’s contribution instead, begin the entry with the editor’s name.

Marcus, Greil, editor. Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung. By Lester Bangs, Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.

9. Editor, no author named

Wall, Cheryl A., editor. Changing Our Own Words: Essays on Criticism, Theory, and Writing by Black Women. Rutgers UP, 1989.

10. Anthology Cite an entire anthology the same way you would cite a book with an editor and no named author (see model 9).

Walker, Dale L., editor. Westward: A Fictional History of the American West. Forge Books, 2003.

11. Work in an anthology or chapter in a book with an editor List the author(s) of the selection; the selection title, in quotation marks; the title of the book, italicized; the words edited by and the name(s) of the editor(s); publication information; and the abbreviation pp. with the selection's page numbers.

Komunyakaa, Yusef. “Facing It.” The Seagull Reader, edited by Joseph Kelly, W. W. Norton, 2000, pp. 126-27.

Note: To provide original publication information for a reprinted selection, use the original publication information as a second container:

Byatt, A. S. “The Thing in the Forest.” The O. Henry Prize Stories 2003, edited by Laura Furman, Anchor Books, 2003, pp. 3-22. Originally published in The New Yorker, 3 June 2002, pp. 80-89.

12. Two or more items from the same anthology List the anthology as one entry (see model 10). Also list each of the selections separately with a cross-reference to the anthology.

Estleman, Loren D. “Big Tim Magoon and the Wild West.” Walker, pp. 391-404.

Salzer, Susan K. “Miss Libbie Tells All.” Walker, pp. 199-212.

13. Translation

Bolaño, Roberto. 2666. Translated by Natasha Wimmer, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.

14. Book with both translator and editor List the editor’s and translator’s names after the title, in the order they appear on the title page.

Kant, Immanuel. “Toward Perpetual Peace” and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History. Edited by Pauline Kleingeld, translated by David L. Colclasure, Yale UP, 2006.

15. Translation of a section of a book If different translators have worked on various parts of the book, identify the translator of the part you are citing.

García Lorca, Federico. “The Little Mad Boy.” Translated by W. S. Merwin. The Selected Poems of Federico García Lorca, edited by Francisco Garcia Lorca and Donald M. Allen, New Directions Publishing, 1955, pp. 51-53.

16. Translation of a book by an unknown author Place the title first unless you wish to emphasize the translator’s work.

Grettir’s Saga. Translated by Denton Fox and Hermann Palsson, U of Toronto P, 1974.

17. Book in a language other than English Include a translation of the title in brackets, if necessary.

Benedetti, Mario. La borra del café [The Coffee Grind]. Editorial Sudamericana, 2000.

18. Graphic narrative If the words and images are created by the same person, cite a graphic narrative just as you would a book (model 7).

Bechdel, Alison. Are You My Mother? A Comic Drama. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.

If the work is a collaboration, indicate the author or illustrator who is most important to your research before the title of the work. List other contributors after the title, in the order of their appearance on the title page. Label each person’s contribution to the work.

Stavans, Ilan, writer. Latino USA: A Cartoon History. Illustrated by Lalo Arcaraz, Basic Books, 2000.

19. Edition other than the first

Walker, John A. Art in the Age of Mass Media. 3rd ed., Pluto Press, 2001.

20. One volume of a multivolume work Give the number of the volume cited after the title. Including the total number of volumes after the publication date is optional.

Ch’oe, Yong-Ho, et al., editors. Sources of Korean Tradition. Vol. 2, Columbia UP, 2000. 2 vols.

21. More than one volume of a multivolume work

Ch’oe, Yong-Ho, et al., editors. Sources of Korean Tradition. Columbia UP, 2000. 2 vols.

22. Preface, foreword, introduction, or afterword Following the writer’s name, describe the contribution. After the title, indicate the book’s author (with by) or editor (with edited by.).

Atwan, Robert. Foreword. The Best American Essays 2002, edited by Stephen Jay Gould, Houghton Mifflin, 2002, pp. viii-xii.

Moore, Thurston. Introduction. Confusion Is Next: The Sonic Youth Story, by Alec Foege, St. Martin’s Press, 1994, p. xi.

23. Entry in a reference book For a well-known encyclopedia, note the edition (if identified) and year of publication. If the entries are alphabetized, omit publication information and page number.

Kettering, Alison McNeil. “Art Nouveau.” World Book Encyclopedia, 2002 ed.

24. Book that is part of a series After the date, cite the series name (and number, if any) from the title page.

Nichanian, Marc, and Vartan Matiossian, eds. Yeghishe Charents: Poet of the Revolution. Mazda, 2003. Armenian Studies Series 5.

25. Republication (modern edition of an older book) Indicate the original publication date after the title.

Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. 1813. Dover Publications, 1996.

26. Publisher’s imprint If the title page gives two publishers’ names, separate them with a slash. Include spaces on both sides of the slash.

Hornby, Nick. About a Boy. Riverhead / Penguin Putnam, 1998.

27. Book with a title within the title Do not italicize a book title within a title. For an article title within a title, italicize as usual and place the article title in quotation marks.

Mullaney, Julie. Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Reader’s Guide. Continuum, 2002.

Rhynes, Martha. “I, Too, Sing America”: The Story of Langston Hughes. Morgan Reynolds Publishing, 2002.

28. Sacred text To cite any individual published editions of sacred books, begin the entry with the title.

Qur’an: The Final Testament (Authorized English Version) with Arabic Text. Translated by Rashad Khalifa, Universal Unity, 2000.

Articles and short works in print periodicals

Directory to MLA-style works-cited entries

Begin with the author name(s). (See models 1–6.) Then include the article title, the title of the periodical, the date or volume information, and the page numbers.. The source map shows where to find this information in a sample periodical.

29. Article in a print journal Follow the journal title with the volume number, a period, the issue number (if given), and the year (in parentheses).

Gigante, Denise. “The Monster in the Rainbow: Keats and the Science of Life.” PMLA, vol. 117, no. 3, May 2002, pp. 433-48.

30. Article in a print magazine Provide the date from the magazine cover, and do not include volume or issue numbers.

Sanneh, Kelefa. “Skin in the Game.” The New Yorker, 24 Mar. 2014, pp. 48-55.

Taubin, Amy. “All Talk?” Film Comment, Nov.-Dec. 2007, pp. 45-47.

31. Article in a print newspaper Include the edition (if listed) and the section number or letter (if listed).

Fackler, Martin. “Japan’s Foreign Minister Says Apologies to Wartime Victims Will Be Upheld.” The New York Times, 9 Apr. 2014, late ed., p. A6.

Note: For locally published newspapers, add the city in brackets after the name if it is not part of the name: Globe and Mail [Toronto].

32. Editorial in a print periodical Include the writer’s name, if given, and the title, if any, followed by the label Editorial.

“California Dreaming.” The Nation, 25 Feb. 2008, p. 4. Editorial.

33. Letter to the editor of a print periodical Include the writer’s name, if given, and the title, if any, followed by the label Letter. Provide relevant information for the type of source (journal, magazine, newspaper).

MacEwan, Valerie. The Believer, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2014, p. 4. Letter.

34. Review in a print periodical Include the writer’s name and the title of the review. If no title is given, write Review of and the title of the work under review, without italics or quotation marks.

Nussbaum, Emily. “Change Agents: Review of The Americans and Silicon Valley.” The New Yorker, 31 Mar. 2014, p. 68.

Schwarz, Benjamin. Review of The Second World War: A Short History, by R. A. C. Parker. Atlantic Monthly, May 2002, pp. 110-11.

35. Interview in a print periodical List the person interviewed as the author, the title of the interview (if any), and the label Interview, along with the interviewer’s name, if relevant and not already stated.

Blume, Judy. "Judy Blume in Conversation with Lena Dunham." Interview. The Believer, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2014, pp. 39+.

36. Unsigned article in a print periodical

“Performance of the Week.” Time, 6 Oct. 2003, p. 18.

Digital written-word sources

Directory to MLA-style works-cited entries

Digital sources such as Web sites differ from print sources in the ease with which they can be changed, updated, or eliminated. In addition, the various digital media do not organize their works the same way. The most commonly cited digital sources are documents from Web sites and databases.

37. Work from an online database The basic format for citing a work from a database appears in the source map.

For a periodical article that is available in print but that you access in an online database through a library subscription service, begin with the author’s name (if given); the title of the work, in quotation marks; the title of the periodical, italicized; and the volume/issue and date of the print version of the work (see models 29–36). Next include the page numbers from the print version. Then give the name of the online database, italicized; and a DOI or permalink for the article; if neither is available, give the URL of the database home page, omitting the protocol (http://).

Collins, Ross F. “Cattle Barons and Ink Slingers: How Cow Country Journalists Created a Great American Myth.” American Journalism, vol. 24, no. 3, Summer 2007, pp. 7-29. Communication and Mass Media Complete, www.ebscohost.com/academic/communication-mass-media-complete.

38. Article from a journal on the Web Begin an entry for an online journal article as you would one for a print journal article (see model 29). End with the online location (permalink, DOI, or URL) and a period.

Clark, Msia Kibona. “Hip Hop as Social Commentary in Accra and Dar es Salaam.” African Studies Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 3, Summer 2012, asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Clark-V13Is3.pdf.

39. Article from a magazine on the Web List the author, article title, and name of the magazine. Then identify the date of publication, and provide a permalink or DOI, if one is available, or a URL.

Landhuis, Esther. “Is Dementia Risk Falling?” Scientific American, 25 Jan. 2016, www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-dementia-risk-falling/.

40. Article from a newspaper on the Web After the name of the newspaper, give the publication date and the permalink (if you can find one) or URL.

Shyong, Frank. “Sriracha Showdown Intensifies as Irwindale Declares Public Nuisance.” The Los Angeles Times, 10 Apr. 2014, articles.latimes.com/2014/apr/10/local/la-me-ln-sriracha-irwindale-public-nuisance-20140410.

41. Digital book (online or e-reader) Provide information as for a print book (see models 7–28); then give the digital container title and any other relevant information, including the location.

Euripides. The Trojan Women. Translated by Gilbert Murray. Oxford UP, 1915. Internet Sacred Text Archive, 2011, www.sacred-texts.com/cla/eurip/troj_w.htm.

If you read the book on an e-reader such as a Kindle or Nook, the medium should specify the type of reader file you used.

Schaap, Rosie. Drinking with Men: A Memoir. Riverhead / Penguin, 2013. Kindle file.

42. Part of a digital book Cite as you would a part of a print book (see models 11 and 22) for the first container. For the second container, give the title, the date, and the DOI, permalink, or URL.

Riis, Jacob. “The Genesis of the Gang.” The Battle with the Slum, Macmillan, 1902. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online, 2015, www.bartleby.com/175/9.html.

43. Online poem Include the poet’s name, the title of the poem, and the print publication information (if any) for the first container. For the second container, give the title, the date, and the DOI, permalink, or URL.

Geisel, Theodor. “Too Many Daves.” The Sneetches and Other Stories, Random House, 1961. Poetry Foundation, 2015, www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/171612.

44. Online editorial or letter to the editor Include the author’s name (if given) and the title (if any). Follow the appropriate model for the type of source you are using. (Check the directory.) End with the label Editorial or Letter.

“Migrant Children Deserve a Voice in Court.” The New York Times, 8 Mar. 2016, nyti.ms/1LO8bKK. Editorial.

Starr, Evva.Local Reporting Thrives in High Schools.” The Washington Post, 4 Apr. 2014, wpo.st/7hmJ1. Letter.

45. Online review Cite an online review as you would a print review (see model 34). End with the name of the website, the date of publication, and the URL or permalink.

O’Hehir, Andrew. “Aronofsky’s Deranged Biblical Action Flick.” Salon, 27 May 2014, www.salon.com/2014/03/27/noah_aronofskys_deranged_biblical_action_flick/.

46. Short work from a Web site For basic information for citing a work on a Web site that is not part of a regularly published journal, magazine, or newspaper, see the source map. Include all of the following elements that are available: the author; the title of the document, in quotation marks; the name of the Web site, italicized; the name of the publisher or sponsor (if the name is different from the name of the site); the date of publication; and the location. If the site gives no date, end with Accessed and your date of access.

Bali, Karan. “Kishore Kumar.” Upperstall.com, upperstall.com/profile/kishore-kumar/. Accessed 2 Mar. 2016.

“Our Mission.” Trees for Life International, 2011, www.treesforlife.org/our-work/our-mission.

47. Entire Web site Follow the guidelines for a specific work from the Web, beginning with the name of the author or editor (if any), followed by the title of the Web site, italicized; the name of the sponsor or publisher (if different from the name of the site; otherwise, omit the sponsor or publisher); the date of publication or last update; and the location.

Glazier, Loss Pequeño, director. Electronic Poetry Center. State U of New York Buffalo, 1996-2016, epc.buffalo.edu/.

Weather.com. Weather Channel Interactive, 1995-2016, weather.com/.

For a personal Web site, include the name of the person who created the site; the title, in quotation marks if it is part of a larger work or italicized if it is not, or (if there is no title) a description such as Home page, not italicized; the name of the larger site, if different from the personal site’s title; the publisher or sponsor of the site (if different from the site title); the date; and the URL. If the site is undated, end with your date of access.

Enright, Mike. Home page. Menright.com. Accessed 30 Mar. 2016.

48. Entry in an online reference work or wiki Begin with the title unless the author is named. (A wiki, which is collectively edited, will not include an author.) Treat an online reference entry as you would a work from a Web site (see model 46). Include the title of the entry; the name of the work, italicized; the sponsor or publisher (if not already named); the date of the latest update; and the location (permalink or URL). Before using a wiki as a source, check with your instructor.

Cartwright, Mark. “Apollo.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, 18 May 2012, www.ancient.eu/apollo/.

“Gunpowder Plot.” Wikipedia, 4 Mar. 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot.

49. Academic course or department Web site For a course site, include the name of the instructor, the title of the course, the title of the site in italics, the date, and the location (URL).

Creekmur, Corey K., and Philip Lutgendorf. “Topics in Asian Cinema: Popular Hindi Cinema.” U of Iowa, Spring 2007, www.uiowa.edu/indiancinema/article/syllabus-introductory-university-course -popular-hindi-cinema.

For a department website, give the department name, the description Department home page, the institution (in italics), the date, and the URL. If the site is undated, end with your access date.

English Dept. home page. Amherst College, www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/english. Accessed 5 Apr. 2016.

50. Blog For an entire blog, give the author’s name, if any; the title of the blog, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the blog (if any); the date; and the URL. If the site is undated, end with your access date.

Levy, Carla Miriam. Filmi Geek. 2006–2015, www.filmigeek.com/.

Little Green Footballs. littlegreenfootballs.com. Accessed 4 Mar. 2016.

Note: To cite a blogger who writes under a pseudonym, begin with the pseudonym and then put the writer’s real name (if you know it) in parentheses. (See model 5)

Atrios (Duncan Black). Eschaton. www.eschatonblog.com/. Accessed 8 Mar. 2016.

51. Post or comment on a blog or discussion group Give the author’s name; the title of the post, in quotation marks; the title of the site, italicized; the date of the post; and the URL.

Edroso, Roy. “Going Down with the Flagship.” Alicublog, 24 Feb. 2016, alicublog.blogspot.com/2016/02/going-down-with-flagship.html.

For a comment on an online post, give the writer’s name or screen name (see model 5); a label such as Comment on, not italicized; the title of the article commented on, in quotation marks; and the label by and the article author’s name. End with the citation information for original article and the URL for the comment.

JennOfArk. Comment on “Going Down with the Flagship,” by Roy Edroso. Alicublog, 24 Feb. 2016, alicublog.blogspot.com/2016/02/going-down-with-flagship.html#disqus_thread.

52. Tweet Begin with the writer’s Twitter handle, and put the real name, if known, in parentheses. Include the entire tweet, in quotation marks. Give the site name in italics (Twitter), the date and time of the message, and the URL for the tweet.

@Lunsfordhandbks (Andrea A. Lunsford). “Technology & social media have changed the way we write. That doesn’t mean literacy has declined https://community.macmillan.com/groups/macmillan-news /blog/2016/02/24/the-literacy-revolution... @MacmillanLearn.” Twitter, 24 Feb. 2016, 7:17 a.m. twitter.com/LunsfordHandbks/status/702512638937460736.

53. Posting on a social networking site To cite a posting on Facebook, Instagram, or another social networking site, include the writer’s name; up to 140 characters of the posting, in quotation marks (or a description such as Photograph, not italicized and not in quotation marks, if no text appears); the name of the site, italicized; the date of the post; and the location of the post (URL).

Cannon, Kevin. “Portrait of Norris Hall in #Savannah, GA—home (for a few more months, anyway) of #SCAD’s sequential art department.” Instagram, Mar. 2014, www.instagram.com/p/lgmqk4i6DC/.

54. Email or message Include the writer’s name; the subject line, in quotation marks, if one is provided, or a descriptive label such as Text message; Received by (not italicized or in quotation marks) followed by the recipient’s name; and the date of the message.

Carbone, Nick. “Screen vs. Print Reading.” Received by Karita dos Santos, 17 Apr. 2016.

Visual, audio, multimedia, and live sources

Directory to MLA-style works-cited entries

55. Film (theatrical, DVD, or other format) If you cite a particular person’s work, start with that name. If not, start with the title of the film; then name the director, distributor, and year of release. Other contributors, such as writers or performers, may follow the director. If you cite a feature found only on a disc, treat the film as the first “container” and the disc as the second “container."

Bale, Christian, performer. The Big Short. Directed by Adam McKay, Paramount Pictures, 2015.

Lasseter, John. Introduction. Spirited Away, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, 2001. Walt Disney Video, 2003, disc 1.

Shree 420. Directed by Raj Kapoor, performances by Kapoor and Nargis, R. K. Films, 1955.

56. Short online video Cite an online video as you would a work from a Web site (see model 46).

Weber, Jan. “As We Sow, Part 1: Where Are the Farmers?” YouTube, 15 Mar. 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cdcDpMf6qE.

57. Television broadcast Begin with the title of the program, italicized (for an entire series) or the title of the episode, in quotation marks. Then list important contributors (narrator, writer, director, actors); the network; and the broadcast date(s). To cite a particular person’s work, begin with that name. When citing an entire series, give inclusive dates.

Breaking Bad. Created by Vince Gilligan, performances by Bryan Cranston, Aaron Paul, Anna Gunn, AMC, 2008-2013. Television.

“Time Zones.” Mad Men, written by Matthew Weiner, directed by Scott Hornbacher, season 7, episode 1, AMC, 13 Apr. 2014.

58. Television on the Web For a show accessed on a network Web site, begin as for a television broadcast (model 57). After the network, include the date of posting and the URL.

“Time Zones.” Mad Men, written by Matthew Weiner, directed by Scott Hornbacher, season 7, episode 1, AMC, 13 Apr. 2014, www.amc.com/shows/mad-men/season-7/episode-01-time-zones.

59. Radio broadcast If you are citing a particular episode or segment, begin with the title, in quotation marks. Then give the program title in italics. List important contributors (narrator, writer, director, actors); the network or the local station, if the show appeared locally; and the broadcast date(s). To cite a particular person’s work, begin with that name.

“Tarred and Feathered.” This American Life, narrated by Ira Glass, WNYC, 11 Apr. 2013.

60. Radio on the Web For a show or segment accessed on the Web, begin as for a radio broadcast (model 59). After the network, include the date of posting and the URL.

“Obama’s Failures Have Made Millennials Give Up Hope.” The Rush Limbaugh Show, narrated by Rush Limbaugh, Premiere Radio Networks, 14 Apr. 2014, www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2014/04/14/obama_s_failures_have_made_millennials_give_up_hope.

61. Television or radio interview List the person interviewed and then the title, if any. If the interview has no title, use the label Interview and name the interviewer, if relevant. Then identify the source. End with information about the program and the date(s) the interview took place.

Russell, David O. Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, WNYC, 20 Feb. 2014.

Note: If you found an archived version of a television or radio interview online, provide the site’s sponsor (if known), the date of the interview, and the location (URL or permalink).

Revkin, Andrew. Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, NPR, 14 June 2006, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5484338.

62. Online interview Start with the name of the person interviewed. Give the title or the label Interview and the interviewer (if named). In the second “container,” include the title of the site, the sponsor or publisher (if there is one), the date of publication, and the URL.

Ladd, Andrew. “What Ends: An Interview with Andrew Ladd.” Interview by Jill. Looks & Books, 25 Feb. 2014, www.looksandbooks.com/2014/02/25/what-ends-an-interview-with-andrew-ladd/.

63. Personal interview List the person interviewed; the label Telephone interview, Personal interview, or E-mail interview; and the date the interview took place.

Freedman, Sasha. Personal interview. 10 Nov. 2014.

64. Sound recording List the name of the person or group you wish to emphasize (such as the composer, conductor, or band); the title of the recording or composition; the artist, if appropriate; the manufacturer; and the year of issue. If you are citing a particular song or selection, include its title, in quotation marks, before the title of the recording.

Bach, Johann Sebastian. Bach: Violin Concertos. Performances by Itzhak Perlman and Pinchas Zukerman, English Chamber Orchestra, EMI, 2002.

Sonic Youth. “Incinerate.” Rather Ripped, Geffen, 2006.

Note: If you are citing instrumental music that is identified only by form, number, and key, do not underline, italicize, or enclose it in quotation marks.

Grieg, Edvard. Concerto in A minor, op. 16. Conducted by Eugene Ormandy, Philadelphia Orchestra, RCA, 1989.

65. Musical composition When you are not citing a specific published version, first give the composer’s name, followed by the title.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Don Giovanni, K527.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Symphony no. 41 in C major, K551.

66. Published score Cite a published score as you would a book. If you include the date the composition was written, do so immediately after the title.

Schoenberg, Arnold. Chamber Symphony No. 1 for 15 Solo Instruments, Op. 9. 1906. Dover, 2002.

67. Video game Start with the developer or author (if any). After the title, give the version (Vers.), if given, then the distributor, and the date of publication.

Harmonix. Rock Band Blitz. MTV Games, 2012.

Note: If you play the game on the Web, give the name of the site, the medium Web, and the date after the game publication information.

68. Computer software or app Cite as a video game (see model 67), giving the available information about the version, distributor, and date.

Angry Birds. Vers. 4.1.0. Rovio, 2014.

69. Lecture or speech (live) List the speaker; the title, in quotation marks; the sponsoring institution or group; the place; and the date. Add the label Lecture or Speech after the date if readers will not otherwise be able to identify the work.

Eugenides, Jeffrey. Portland Arts and Lectures. Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall, Portland, OR. 30 Sept. 2003.

70. Lecture or speech on the Web Cite as you would a short work from a Web site (model 46).

Burden, Amanda. “How Public Spaces Make Cities Work.” TED.com, Mar. 2014, www.ted.com/talks/amanda_burden_how_public_spaces_make_cities _work.

71. Live performance List the title, the appropriate names (such as the writer or performer), the place, and the date. To cite a particular person’s work, begin the entry with that name.

Anything Goes. By Cole Porter, performance by Klea Blackhurst, Shubert Theater, New Haven, 7 Oct. 2003.

72. Podcast (streaming) Cite a podcast that you view or listen to online as a short work from a Web site (model 46).

Fogarty, Mignon. “Begs the Question: Update.” QuickandDirtyTips.com, Macmillan, 6 Mar. 2014, www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/ grammar/begs-the-question-update.

73. Downloaded digital file A citation for a file that you can download—one that exists independently, not only on a Web site—begins with citation information required for the type of source (a photograph or sound recording, for example).

Officers’ Winter Quarters, Army of Potomac, Brandy Station. Mar. 1864. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/ 90708676/.

“Return to the Giant Pool of Money.” This American Life, narrated by Ira Glass. NPR, 25 Sept. 2009, www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/390/Return-To-The-Giant-Pool-of-Money.

74. Work of art or photograph List the artist’s or photographer’s name; the work’s title, italicized; and the date of composition. Then cite the name of the museum or other location and the city. To cite a reproduction in a book, add the publication information (see the second model below). To cite artwork found online, after the location, add the title of the database or website, italicized, and the URL or permalink.

Bronzino, Agnolo. Lodovico Capponi. 1550-55, Frick Collection, New York.

General William Palmer in Old Age. 1810, National Army Museum, London. White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth-Century India, by William Dalrymple, Penguin, 2002, p. 270.

Hassam, Childe. Isles of Shoals. 1899, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, collections.artsmia.org/art/45/isles-of-shoals-childe-hassam.

75. Map or chart Cite a map or chart as you would a book or a short work within a longer work. For an online source, include the location. End with the label Map or Chart if needed for clarity.

“Australia.” Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection, U of Texas, 1999, www.lib .utexas.edu/maps/australia/australia_pol99.jpg.

California. Rand McNally, 2002. Map.

76. Cartoon or comic strip List the artist’s name; the title (if any) of the cartoon or comic strip, in quotation marks; and the usual publication information for a print periodical (see models 29–36) or a short work from a website (model 46). You may end the entry with a label (Cartoon or Comic strip) for clarity.

Flake, Emily. The New Yorker, 13 Apr. 2015, p. 66. Cartoon.

Munroe, Randall. “Heartbleed Explanation.” xkcd.com, xkcd.com/1354/. Comic strip.

77. Advertisement Include the label Advertisement.

Ameritrade. Wired, Jan. 2014, p. 47. Advertisement.

Lufthansa. The New York Times, 16 Apr. 2014, www.nytimes.com. Advertisement.

Other sources (including online versions)

Directory to MLA-style works-cited entries

If an online version is not shown in this section, use the appropriate model for the source and then end with a DOI, permalink, or URL.

78. Report or pamphlet Follow the guidelines for a print book (models 7–28) or a digital book (model 41).

Rainie, Lee, and Maeve Duggan. Privacy and Information Sharing. Pew Research Center, 14 Jan. 2016, www.pewinternet.org/files/2016/01/ PI_2016.01.14_Privacy-and-Info-Sharing_FINAL.pdf.

79. Government publication Begin with the author, if identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the government, followed by the agency. The print publisher is often the Government Printing Office. For congressional documents, cite the number, session, and house of Congress; the type (Report, Resolution, Document); and the number. For online versions, follow the models for a work from a Web site (model 46), an entire Web site (model 47), or a downloadable file (model 73).

Gregg, Judd. Report to Accompany the Genetic Information Act of 2003. Government Printing Office, 2003. US 108th Congress, 1st session, Senate Report 108-22.

United States, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Keep the Beat Recipes: Deliciously Healthy Dinners. Oct. 2009, healthyeating.nhlbi.nih.gov/pdfs/Dinners _Cookbook_508-compliant.pdf.

80. Published proceedings of a conference Cite the proceedings as you would a book.

Cleary, John, and Gary Gurtler, eds. Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy 2002. Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.

81. Dissertation Enclose the title in quotation marks. Add the label Dissertation, the school, and the year the work was accepted.

Paris, Django. “Our Culture: Difference, Division, and Unity in Multicultural Youth Space.” Dissertation, Stanford U, 2008.

Note: Cite a published dissertation as a book, adding the identification Dissertation and the university after the title.

82. Dissertation abstract Cite the abstract as you would an unpublished dissertation (see model 81). For the abstract of a dissertation using Dissertation Abstracts International, include the volume, year, and page number.

Huang-Tiller, Gillian C. “The Power of the Meta-Genre: Cultural, Sexual, and Racial Politics of the American Modernist Sonnet.” Dissertation, U of Notre Dame, 2000. Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. 61, 2000, p. 1401. Abstract.

Moore, Courtney L. “Stress and Oppression: Identifying Possible Protective Factors for African American Men.” Dissertation, Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2016. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, search.proquest.com/docview/1707351557. Abstract.

83. Unpublished letter Cite a published letter as a work in an anthology (see model 11). If the letter is unpublished, follow this form:

Anzaldúa, Gloria. Letter to the author. 10 Sept. 2002.

84. Manuscript or other unpublished work List the author’s name; the title (if any) or a description of the material; the form of the material, any identifying numbers; and the name and location of the library or research institution housing the material, if applicable.

Woolf, Virginia. “The Searchlight.” Series III, Box 4, Item 184. Papers of Virginia Woolf, 1902-1956. Smith Coll., Northampton.

85. Legal source To cite a court case, give the names of the first plaintiff and defendant, the case number, the name of the court, and the date of the decision. To cite an act, give the name of the act followed by its Public Law (Pub. L.) number, the date the act was enacted, and its Statutes at Large (Stat.) cataloging number.

Citizens United vs. FEC. 558 US 310. Supreme Court of the US. 2010. Legal Information Institute, Cornell U Law School, www.law.cornell.edu/supct/ pdf/08-205P.ZS.

Museum and Library Services Act of 2003. Pub. L. 108-81. Stat. 117.991. 25 Sept. 2003.

Note: You do not need an entry in the list of works cited when you cite articles of the U.S. Constitution and laws in the U.S. Code.