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I

appropriate uses, 1, 296

first person, 1, 32–33, 569–70

versus me, 598, 603

Ibid. (in the same place), 496

ideas

analyzing, 133–34

exploring, 40–46

reviewing, 72–73

idioms

in dictionary, 387, 388

for multilingual writers, 388, 620–24, 739

prepositions in, 542, 620–24

Quick Help, 621–22

Top Twenty, 2–3

i.e. (that is), 738

if clauses, 586–88

illicit, elicit, 754

illusion, allusion, 751

illustration

organizing with, 51

for paragraph development, 101–2

illustrations, 270. See also visuals and media

immigrate to, emigrate from, 754

impact, 755

imperative mood, 586

imperative sentences, 549, 560, 626–27, 675

implicit, explicit, 754

implied antecedents, 609

imply, infer, 755

in, at, on, 620–22

in-class writing. See essay examinations

including, 725

inclusive language, 32–33, 360–66

incomplete comparisons, 615

in-crowd appeal, 150

indefinite articles. See a, an

indefinite pronoun, 539 A word such as each, everyone, or nobody that does not refer to a specific person or thing.

agreement with antecedent, 9, 605

agreement with verb, 594

possessive form of, 709

indenting

APA content notes, 452

APA references, 458

Chicago notes and bibliography, 495–96

long quotations, 234, 734

APA style, 234, 453

Chicago style, 234, 495

MLA style, 234, 405

MLA works cited, 411–12

outlines, 55–56

independent clause, 556–58 A word group containing a subject and a predicate that can stand alone as a sentence.

comma splices and, 636–40

conjunctive adverb with, 544, 639, 700–701

coordinating conjunction with, 7, 688–89, 700–701

dash with, 640

main idea in, 667–69

semicolon with, 638–39, 688–89, 700–701

and sentence types, 559–60

indexes

for periodicals, 204

review, 206

Indian, 363

indicative mood, 586

indirect discourse, 627–28, 717

indirect objects, 551

indirect questions, 704, 705

indirect quotations

citing in APA style, 456

citing in MLA style, 408

punctuating, 717

inductive reasoning, 173

infer, imply, 755

infinitive, 553–56 To plus the base form of a verb (to go, to run, to hit), which can serve as a noun, an adverb, or an adjective: One option is to leave (noun). We stopped to rest (adverb). He needs time to adjust (adjective).

gerund versus, 554–55

for multilingual writers, 554–55

objective pronouns after, 600

split, 651

verb sequence with, 584

infinitive phrases, 553–56

informal writing. See also formality

academic writing versus, 14–17

audience for, 14–16, 22, 31

guidelines for, 22

online, 14–16, 22

punctuation in, 706–7

rhetorical situation and, 24, 31

-ing words

as nouns (gerunds), 553

as present participles, 568, 584, 617

in progressive forms, 579, 580

initial abbreviations, 737–38

inquiry, letters of, 325–26

inside of, 755

instructions, modals for, 572

instructor comments, 11, 76–79

insure, assure, ensure, 752

integrating sources, 232–40. See also synthesis

drafting and, 255

paraphrases, 232–33, 236

patchwriting and, 239–40, 244

Quick Help, 235

quotations, 9, 232–36

signal phrases, 234–35

student sample, 223–24

summaries, 232–33, 237

Talking the Talk, 239

visuals and media, 237–39

integrity, academic, 245–48

intellectual property, 241, 248

intensifiers, 613

intensive pronouns, 538

interact, interface, 755

interactive features, for online texts, 287

interface, interact, 755

interjection, 537, 545, 694 An exclamation of surprise or other strong emotion: Ouch!

interlibrary loans, 206

Internet addresses. See URLs

Internet research, 206–8. See also research (research projects)

evaluating sources, 218–19

to explore a topic, 46, 50

reading onscreen, 125

research logs for, 197

to support a thesis, 50

interrogative pronouns, 539

interrogative sentences, 560, 675. See also questions

interviews

citing

APA style, 457, 474

Chicago style, 509

MLA style, 436

as field research, 208–9, 242

Quick Help, 209

in the social sciences, 307

in-text citations

abbreviations in, 738–39

APA style, 454–58

Chicago style, 495–96, 498–512

CSE style, 519

MLA style, 405–11

parentheses for, 721

plagiarism and, 245–48

intransitive verbs, 551

introductions

anecdotes in, 113–14

of arguments, 179–80

hooks in, 81

paragraphs for, 112–14

of presentations, 274–75

questions in, 114, 254

quotations in, 81, 113

of research projects, 254–55

revising, 81

introductory elements, commas with, 3, 687

invented words, 716

inventory, writing, 11, 87

inverted word order, 682

invitational argument, 161–62, 181–82

irony, 716

irregardless, regardless, 387, 755

irregular comparatives and superlatives, 614–15

irregular verb, 573–76 A verb that does not form the past tense and past participle by adding -ed or -d to the base form.

is. See be, forms of

issues, exploring, 162. See also argument

is when, is where, 656, 755

it

at beginning of sentence, 84–85, 662

as subject of sentence, 549, 557

vague and indefinite use of, 608, 609

italics, 743–46

APA style, 458, 470, 476

Chicago style, 500, 506, 510

CSE style, 520, 522

in headings, 268

MLA style, 412

Quick Help, 744

items in a series. See series

it is, it seems, 662

its, it’s, 7–8, 397, 711, 755