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page numbers. See formatting
paired ideas, 632–33
paragraphs, 94–117
coherence in, 108–11
concluding, 114–16
developing, 99–108
for dialogue, 116–17
in essay examinations, 334
introductory, 112–14
key words and phrases in, 109
length, 96, 107
linking, 111–12
for multilingual writers, 98
organizing, 108–9
parallelism in, 109–12
patterns of development for, 100–106
Quick Help, 95, 107
repetition in, 109, 111–12
revising, 80
Talking the Talk, 96
topic sentences in, 95–97
transitional, 116
transitions in, 110–12
strong, 94–95
supporting details in, 99–100
unity in, 95–98
parallelism, 631–35
antithesis, 681–82
for coherence, 109–10, 111–12
for emphasis and effect, 634
in headings, 268
with items in a series, 631–32
in outlines, 56
paired ideas, 632–33
in presentations, 276
Quick Help, 632
words needed for, 634
paraphrases
acceptable and unacceptable, 227–29
acknowledgment required for, 243
integrating, 232–33, 236
plagiarism in, 227–29, 245–46
present tense for, 580
Quick Help, 227, 232
quotations in, 227, 236
parentheses, 720–21
with abbreviations, 737–38
brackets and, 721–22
capitalization within, 730
commas with, 721
question marks in, 705
with quotation marks, 718
parenthetical citations. See in-text citations
parenthetical expressions, 693
participation, in class, 19–20
participial phrases, commas with, 691
participle, 553, 568, 573–76 A word formed from the base form of a verb. The present participle always ends in -ing (going). The past participle ends in -ed (ruined) unless the verb is irregular. A participle can function as an adjective (the singing frog, a ruined shirt) or form part of a verb phrase (You have ruined my shirt).
particles, adverbial, 622
parts of sentences. See sentence, parts of
parts of speech, 534–45 The eight grammatical categories describing how words function in a sentence (adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, prepositions, pronouns, verbs).
adjectives, 540, 611–19
adverbs, 540–41, 611–19
conjunctions, 543–44
in dictionary, 387
interjections, 545, 694
nouns, 535, 562–66
prepositions, 542, 620–24
pronouns, 538, 598–610
sentence map, 536–37
verbs, 534, 567–89
passed, past, 757
passive voice, 585–86 The form of a verb when the subject is being acted on, not acting: The batter was hit by a pitch.
appropriate uses, 663
and forms of be, 570
overuse, 85
shifts to active, 585–86, 627
past, passed, 757
past participles, 568, 573–76, 584
past perfect progressive, 582
past perfect tense, 581
past progressive, 579, 581
past subjunctive, 586
past tense, 567–68, 578, 581 The tense of a verb that indicates an action or condition has already happened: They arrived yesterday.
of forms of be, 569
of irregular verbs, 573–76
in natural and applied sciences, 318
in social sciences (APA style), 308, 454, 580
patchwriting, avoiding, 239–40, 244
pathos (emotional appeals), 143, 145–46, 175–78
patterns of development. See also organization; paragraphs
analogy, 52, 105
cause and effect, 52, 104
classification, 51, 102
combining patterns, 53–54, 106
comparison and contrast, 52, 103–4
definition, 51, 102
description, 101
division, 51, 102
example, 51, 101–2
illustration, 51, 101–2
narration, 52, 100
problem and solution, 52, 105
process, 104–5
reiteration, 105–6
PechaKucha presentations, 284
peer review, 66–76
class discussions, 19–20
conducting, 69–72
Considering Disabilities, 120
in the disciplines, 298–99
drafting and, 58
inventory of comments, 11
marking up drafts, 68–69, 71
for multilingual writers, 67, 72, 74
in online courses, 68
for portfolios, 340
Quick Help, 69–70
for research projects, 257–58
responding to, 76–79
revising with, 79
roles in, 67
sample of, 73–75
of scholarly sources, 201
stages of, 72–73
pen name, citing
APA style, 462
MLA style, 415
per, 757
percent, percentage, 757
percentages, 741
perfect, 614–15
perfect progressive, 579, 581, 582 The perfect tense of a verb showing an ongoing action at some point in the past, present, or future, with the main verb in the -ing form: The workers had been striking for a month before the settlement. He has been complaining for days. The construction will have been continuing for a year in May.
perfect tense, 571, 579, 580 The tense of a verb showing a completed action in the past, present, or future: They had hoped to see the parade but got stuck in traffic. I have never understood this equation. By then, the governor will have vetoed the bill.
periodical articles
abstracts of, 204, 220–21
analyzing, 133–39
capitalizing titles, 733
APA style, 458
Chicago style, 506
CSE style, 520, 528
MLA style, 422
citing
APA style, 467–70, 472–73
Chicago style, 503–5
CSE style, 525–26
MLA style, 421–25
databases for, 202, 203–4
evaluating, 220–21
indexes for, 204
juried and nonjuried, 293
online, 207–8
reading critically, 293
scholarly and popular, 200–201
performance. See multimodal text; presentations
periodic sentences, 676
periods, 704–5
with abbreviations, 704–5
with ellipses, 726–27
in informal writing, 707
with parentheses, 721
with quotation marks, 718
permission
online posts or email messages, 238
visuals or media, 238, 270, 290
person The point of view of a subject. The first person refers to itself (I); the second person addresses you; the third person refers to someone else (they).
pronoun-antecedent agreement, 604–6
shifts in, 627
subject-verb agreement, 590–91
personal opinion. See stance
personal pronouns, 538
apostrophes with, 709
case (form) of, 598–601
as direct objects, 623
possessive, 709–10
persuasive writing. See argument
photographs, 152–53, 270. See also visuals and media
phrasal verbs, 10, 622–23
phrase, 552–55 A group of words that lacks a subject, a verb, or both.
absolute, 555
appositive, 555
comma with, 687–91
gerund, 553
infinitive, 553–56, 651
modals in, 572–73
nonrestrictive, 691
noun, 552, 562–66, 691
participial, 691
prepositional, 542, 552, 620–24
Quick Help, 554–55
restrictive, 691
as sentence fragment, 644
signal, 234–35
for variety, 674–75
verb, 534, 552, 569–73
verbal, 552
wordy, 661
pictures, word, 43–44. See also visuals and media
pie charts, 269. See also visuals and media
pitch package, sample, 349
place names
capitalization of, 731
commas with, 695
plagiarism, 241–49
accidental, 245–48
acknowledging sources, 241–44
borrowing versus, 244
collaboration and, 248–49
deliberate, 246–47
genre and, 244
integrating sources and, 227–29, 237
intellectual property and, 248
for multilingual writers, 237, 247
note-taking and, 225–26
paraphrases as, 227–29
patchwriting and, 244
Quick Help, 242
planning
design, 263–65
and drafting, 54–58
for group projects, 119–21
informal, 55
for multimodal texts, 286–87
outlines for, 55–56, 253–54
for presentations, 277–78
for research projects, 197, 250–51
for revision, 79
storyboarding for, 56–57, 286
subject groupings for, 252
plays
capitalization of titles, 733
citing in MLA style, 410
italics for titles, 743
plenty, 757
plurals. See also subject-verb agreement
adjectives with, 614
apostrophes with, 709–12
count and noncount nouns, 535, 562, 564
determiners with, 564
forming, 535
for gender-neutral language, 362, 606
of letters, 711–12
for multilingual writers, 614
of numbers, 711–12
possessive forms of, 709–10
shifts and, 627
spelling of, 399
words with plural forms but singular meanings, 595
of words used as words, 711–12
plus, 757
PM, p.m., 737
podcasts
citing in APA style, 479
citing in Chicago style, 508
citing in MLA style, 438
creating, 289–90
poetry
capitalization in, 730, 733
citing in MLA style, 410
close reading of, 303–5
italics for titles, 743
quotation marks for titles, 715–16
quoting, 714–15, 726
point of view. See person
pompous language, 377
popular sources, 200–201
portfolios, 337–43
possessive form The form of a noun or pronoun that shows possession. Personal pronouns in the possessive case don’t use apostrophes (ours, hers), but possessive nouns and indefinite pronouns do (Harold’s, everyone’s).
apostrophes, unnecessary or missing, 7–8, 709–10
of nouns, 535, 709–10
of pronouns, 538, 598, 600–601, 709
postal abbreviations, 705
poster presentations, 283
posters, as multimodal texts, 290
post hoc fallacy, 151
posts, online, 14–16, 21
PowerPoint slides, 279–80, 284
practice
for essay examinations, 331
for presentations, 280–81
precede, proceed, 757
precedents, in argument, 169
predicate, 546–48, 550–51 The verb and related words in a clause or sentence. The predicate expresses what the subject does, experiences, or is. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase: We have been living in the Atlanta area. The complete predicate includes the simple predicate and its modifiers, objects, and complements: We have been living inthe Atlanta area.
compound, 550, 645
matching with subject, 655–56
prefixes
hyphens with, 748–49
spelling rules, 399
vocabulary building and, 391–92
premises, in argument, 173–74
preposition, 542 A word or word group that indicates the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence: From the top of the ladder we looked over the rooftops.
capitalization of, 733
compound, 542
gerund after, 555
idiomatic use of, 2–3, 542, 620–24
missing, 6, 634
for multilingual writers, 620–24
object of, 552, 557–58
Quick Help, 621–22
in sentence map, 537
prepositional phrases, 542, 552, 674–75
prepositional verbs, 623
presentations, 272–84. See also multimodal text
accessibility of, 275
analyzing assignments, 272–74
audience for, 272–74
citing in APA style, 480
citing in MLA style, 437–38
collaborating on, 121–22
conclusions for, 274–75
delivering, 281–82
designing, 262–71
drafting, 274–78
formatting, 277–80, 283–84
introductions for, 274–75
language for, 275–77
notes for, 278–79
online, 283
PechaKucha, 284
poster, 283
practicing, 280–81
purpose of, 272–74
Quick Help, 273, 279–80
scripts for, 277–78
slides for, 279–80, 281, 284
stance in, 273
structure of, 275–77
student examples, 37, 282
tone of, 281
visuals and media in, 122, 275, 279–80, 281
Webcasts as, 283–84
present participles, 568, 584
present perfect progressive, 581
present perfect tense, 579, 581 The tense of a verb that indicates an action or a condition has been completed before the present (The team has worked together well).
APA style, 308, 454, 580
present progressive, 579, 580
present subjunctive, 586
present tense, 578–81 The tense of a verb that indicates a general truth or a current action or condition: Things fall apart; We live off campus.
APA style, 308, 454, 580
of be, 569
Chicago style, 495
for literary analysis, 580
for natural and applied sciences, 318, 579
pretty, 757
previewing, 125–28
critical reading versus, 213
sample student writing, 127–28
Prezi slides, 279–80, 284
primary source, 199–200, 206, 297 A research source that provides firsthand knowledge of raw information.
principal, principle, 757
print texts, versus digital texts, 124–25, 263
problem/solution
organizing by, 52
for paragraph development, 105
proceed, precede, 757
process analysis, 104–5
process model of collaboration, 121
product names, capitalization of, 732
professional writing. See business writing; public writing
progressive, 571, 579–81 The -ing form of a verb showing a continuing action in the past, present, or future: He was snoring during the lecture. The economy is improving. Business schools will be competing for this student.
projects. See writing projects
pronoun, 538–39, 598–610 A word used in place of a noun.
agreement with antecedent, 9, 604–6
ambiguous, 607–8
audience and, 32–33
case (form) of, 598–601
demonstrative, 539
gender-neutral, 361–63, 606
indefinite, 539, 594, 605
intensive, 538
interrogative, 539
after linking verb, 550
personal, 538, 598–601, 623, 709–10
possessive, 538, 709–10
Quick Help, 599, 606, 608
reciprocal, 539
reference to antecedent, 4, 598, 607–9
reflexive, 538
relative, 539, 556–57, 594–95
in sentence map, 536
vague, 4, 608
pronunciation, 387, 397–98
proofreading
email and online posts, 21
research projects, 259
spelling, 81, 394–99
Top Twenty, 1–11
in writing process, 88
proper adjectives, 5, 540, 731–32
proper names, 358, 732
proper nouns, 535
capitalization of, 5, 731–32
spell checkers and, 4, 395
proposal, grant, 317
prose. See memorable prose
proximity, in design, 265
pseudonym, citing
APA style, 462
MLA style, 415
psychology. See social sciences
public speaking. See presentations
public writing, 344–52. See also digital texts; global communication; Web sites
arguments as, 160
audience for, 31, 177, 345–46
design for, 262–71
genres and media, 345, 346
language for, 345
permissions for, 290
purpose of, 344–45
Quick Help, 345
sample student writing
flyer, 348
fundraising Web page, 347
newsletter, 350
online report, 351
pitch package, 349
timing of, 346
publishers, credibility of, 215, 218, 220
punctuation
apostrophes, 708–12
brackets, 721–22
colons, 724–25
commas, 686–89
dashes, 722–23
ellipses, 726–27
exclamation points, 705–6
parentheses, 720–21
periods, 704–5
question marks, 705
quotation marks, 713–19
semicolons, 688–89, 700–703
slashes, 726
purpose
for academic writing, 16–17, 25–27, 28
analyzing, 25–27, 28
for arguments, 161–63
for business writing, 322
design and, 263
in the disciplines, 293
evaluating sources and, 212, 215
for letters of inquiry, 325
for multimodal texts, 286
for online texts, 286
for portfolios, 337
for presentations, 272–74
previewing sources for, 126
for public writing, 344–45
reflecting on, 65
for research projects, 192, 215, 250–51
for social writing, 14–16
sources and, 212