P

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page numbers. See formatting

paired ideas, 632–33

paragraphs, 94–117

coherence in, 108–11

concluding, 114–16

developing, 99–108

for dialogue, 116–17

in essay examinations, 334

introductory, 112–14

key words and phrases in, 109

length, 96, 107

linking, 111–12

for multilingual writers, 98

organizing, 108–9

parallelism in, 109–12

patterns of development for, 100–106

Quick Help, 95, 107

repetition in, 109, 111–12

revising, 80

Talking the Talk, 96

topic sentences in, 95–97

transitional, 116

transitions in, 110–12

strong, 94–95

supporting details in, 99–100

unity in, 95–98

parallelism, 631–35

antithesis, 681–82

for coherence, 109–10, 111–12

for emphasis and effect, 634

in headings, 268

with items in a series, 631–32

in outlines, 56

paired ideas, 632–33

in presentations, 276

Quick Help, 632

words needed for, 634

paraphrases

acceptable and unacceptable, 227–29

acknowledgment required for, 243

integrating, 232–33, 236

plagiarism in, 227–29, 245–46

present tense for, 580

Quick Help, 227, 232

quotations in, 227, 236

parentheses, 720–21

with abbreviations, 737–38

brackets and, 721–22

capitalization within, 730

commas with, 721

question marks in, 705

with quotation marks, 718

parenthetical citations. See in-text citations

parenthetical expressions, 693

participation, in class, 19–20

participial phrases, commas with, 691

participle, 553, 568, 573–76 A word formed from the base form of a verb. The present participle always ends in -ing (going). The past participle ends in -ed (ruined) unless the verb is irregular. A participle can function as an adjective (the singing frog, a ruined shirt) or form part of a verb phrase (You have ruined my shirt).

particles, adverbial, 622

parts of sentences. See sentence, parts of

parts of speech, 534–45 The eight grammatical categories describing how words function in a sentence (adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, interjections, nouns, prepositions, pronouns, verbs).

adjectives, 540, 611–19

adverbs, 540–41, 611–19

conjunctions, 543–44

in dictionary, 387

interjections, 545, 694

nouns, 535, 562–66

prepositions, 542, 620–24

pronouns, 538, 598–610

sentence map, 536–37

verbs, 534, 567–89

passed, past, 757

passive voice, 585–86 The form of a verb when the subject is being acted on, not acting: The batter was hit by a pitch.

appropriate uses, 663

and forms of be, 570

overuse, 85

shifts to active, 585–86, 627

past, passed, 757

past participles, 568, 573–76, 584

past perfect progressive, 582

past perfect tense, 581

past progressive, 579, 581

past subjunctive, 586

past tense, 567–68, 578, 581 The tense of a verb that indicates an action or condition has already happened: They arrived yesterday.

of forms of be, 569

of irregular verbs, 573–76

in natural and applied sciences, 318

in social sciences (APA style), 308, 454, 580

patchwriting, avoiding, 239–40, 244

pathos (emotional appeals), 143, 145–46, 175–78

patterns of development. See also organization; paragraphs

analogy, 52, 105

cause and effect, 52, 104

classification, 51, 102

combining patterns, 53–54, 106

comparison and contrast, 52, 103–4

definition, 51, 102

description, 101

division, 51, 102

example, 51, 101–2

illustration, 51, 101–2

narration, 52, 100

problem and solution, 52, 105

process, 104–5

reiteration, 105–6

PechaKucha presentations, 284

peer review, 66–76

class discussions, 19–20

conducting, 69–72

Considering Disabilities, 120

in the disciplines, 298–99

drafting and, 58

inventory of comments, 11

marking up drafts, 68–69, 71

for multilingual writers, 67, 72, 74

in online courses, 68

for portfolios, 340

Quick Help, 69–70

for research projects, 257–58

responding to, 76–79

revising with, 79

roles in, 67

sample of, 73–75

of scholarly sources, 201

stages of, 72–73

pen name, citing

APA style, 462

MLA style, 415

per, 757

percent, percentage, 757

percentages, 741

perfect, 614–15

perfect progressive, 579, 581, 582 The perfect tense of a verb showing an ongoing action at some point in the past, present, or future, with the main verb in the -ing form: The workers had been striking for a month before the settlement. He has been complaining for days. The construction will have been continuing for a year in May.

perfect tense, 571, 579, 580 The tense of a verb showing a completed action in the past, present, or future: They had hoped to see the parade but got stuck in traffic. I have never understood this equation. By then, the governor will have vetoed the bill.

periodical articles

abstracts of, 204, 220–21

analyzing, 133–39

capitalizing titles, 733

APA style, 458

Chicago style, 506

CSE style, 520, 528

MLA style, 422

citing

APA style, 467–70, 472–73

Chicago style, 503–5

CSE style, 525–26

MLA style, 421–25

databases for, 202, 203–4

evaluating, 220–21

indexes for, 204

juried and nonjuried, 293

online, 207–8

reading critically, 293

scholarly and popular, 200–201

performance. See multimodal text; presentations

periodic sentences, 676

periods, 704–5

with abbreviations, 704–5

with ellipses, 726–27

in informal writing, 707

with parentheses, 721

with quotation marks, 718

permission

online posts or email messages, 238

visuals or media, 238, 270, 290

person The point of view of a subject. The first person refers to itself (I); the second person addresses you; the third person refers to someone else (they).

pronoun-antecedent agreement, 604–6

shifts in, 627

subject-verb agreement, 590–91

personal opinion. See stance

personal pronouns, 538

apostrophes with, 709

case (form) of, 598–601

as direct objects, 623

possessive, 709–10

persuasive writing. See argument

photographs, 152–53, 270. See also visuals and media

phrasal verbs, 10, 622–23

phrase, 552–55 A group of words that lacks a subject, a verb, or both.

absolute, 555

appositive, 555

comma with, 687–91

gerund, 553

infinitive, 553–56, 651

modals in, 572–73

nonrestrictive, 691

noun, 552, 562–66, 691

participial, 691

prepositional, 542, 552, 620–24

Quick Help, 554–55

restrictive, 691

as sentence fragment, 644

signal, 234–35

for variety, 674–75

verb, 534, 552, 569–73

verbal, 552

wordy, 661

pictures, word, 43–44. See also visuals and media

pie charts, 269. See also visuals and media

pitch package, sample, 349

place names

capitalization of, 731

commas with, 695

plagiarism, 241–49

accidental, 245–48

acknowledging sources, 241–44

borrowing versus, 244

collaboration and, 248–49

deliberate, 246–47

genre and, 244

integrating sources and, 227–29, 237

intellectual property and, 248

for multilingual writers, 237, 247

note-taking and, 225–26

paraphrases as, 227–29

patchwriting and, 244

Quick Help, 242

planning

design, 263–65

and drafting, 54–58

for group projects, 119–21

informal, 55

for multimodal texts, 286–87

outlines for, 55–56, 253–54

for presentations, 277–78

for research projects, 197, 250–51

for revision, 79

storyboarding for, 56–57, 286

subject groupings for, 252

plays

capitalization of titles, 733

citing in MLA style, 410

italics for titles, 743

plenty, 757

plurals. See also subject-verb agreement

adjectives with, 614

apostrophes with, 709–12

count and noncount nouns, 535, 562, 564

determiners with, 564

forming, 535

for gender-neutral language, 362, 606

of letters, 711–12

for multilingual writers, 614

of numbers, 711–12

possessive forms of, 709–10

shifts and, 627

spelling of, 399

words with plural forms but singular meanings, 595

of words used as words, 711–12

plus, 757

PM, p.m., 737

podcasts

citing in APA style, 479

citing in Chicago style, 508

citing in MLA style, 438

creating, 289–90

poetry

capitalization in, 730, 733

citing in MLA style, 410

close reading of, 303–5

italics for titles, 743

quotation marks for titles, 715–16

quoting, 714–15, 726

point of view. See person

pompous language, 377

popular sources, 200–201

portfolios, 337–43

possessive form The form of a noun or pronoun that shows possession. Personal pronouns in the possessive case don’t use apostrophes (ours, hers), but possessive nouns and indefinite pronouns do (Harold’s, everyone’s).

apostrophes, unnecessary or missing, 7–8, 709–10

of nouns, 535, 709–10

of pronouns, 538, 598, 600–601, 709

postal abbreviations, 705

poster presentations, 283

posters, as multimodal texts, 290

post hoc fallacy, 151

posts, online, 14–16, 21

PowerPoint slides, 279–80, 284

practice

for essay examinations, 331

for presentations, 280–81

precede, proceed, 757

precedents, in argument, 169

predicate, 546–48, 550–51 The verb and related words in a clause or sentence. The predicate expresses what the subject does, experiences, or is. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase: We have been living in the Atlanta area. The complete predicate includes the simple predicate and its modifiers, objects, and complements: We have been living inthe Atlanta area.

compound, 550, 645

matching with subject, 655–56

prefixes

hyphens with, 748–49

spelling rules, 399

vocabulary building and, 391–92

premises, in argument, 173–74

preposition, 542 A word or word group that indicates the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another part of the sentence: From the top of the ladder we looked over the rooftops.

capitalization of, 733

compound, 542

gerund after, 555

idiomatic use of, 2–3, 542, 620–24

missing, 6, 634

for multilingual writers, 620–24

object of, 552, 557–58

Quick Help, 621–22

in sentence map, 537

prepositional phrases, 542, 552, 674–75

prepositional verbs, 623

presentations, 272–84. See also multimodal text

accessibility of, 275

analyzing assignments, 272–74

audience for, 272–74

citing in APA style, 480

citing in MLA style, 437–38

collaborating on, 121–22

conclusions for, 274–75

delivering, 281–82

designing, 262–71

drafting, 274–78

formatting, 277–80, 283–84

introductions for, 274–75

language for, 275–77

notes for, 278–79

online, 283

PechaKucha, 284

poster, 283

practicing, 280–81

purpose of, 272–74

Quick Help, 273, 279–80

scripts for, 277–78

slides for, 279–80, 281, 284

stance in, 273

structure of, 275–77

student examples, 37, 282

tone of, 281

visuals and media in, 122, 275, 279–80, 281

Webcasts as, 283–84

present participles, 568, 584

present perfect progressive, 581

present perfect tense, 579, 581 The tense of a verb that indicates an action or a condition has been completed before the present (The team has worked together well).

APA style, 308, 454, 580

present progressive, 579, 580

present subjunctive, 586

present tense, 578–81 The tense of a verb that indicates a general truth or a current action or condition: Things fall apart; We live off campus.

APA style, 308, 454, 580

of be, 569

Chicago style, 495

for literary analysis, 580

for natural and applied sciences, 318, 579

pretty, 757

previewing, 125–28

critical reading versus, 213

sample student writing, 127–28

Prezi slides, 279–80, 284

primary source, 199–200, 206, 297 A research source that provides firsthand knowledge of raw information.

principal, principle, 757

print texts, versus digital texts, 124–25, 263

problem/solution

organizing by, 52

for paragraph development, 105

proceed, precede, 757

process analysis, 104–5

process model of collaboration, 121

product names, capitalization of, 732

professional writing. See business writing; public writing

progressive, 571, 579–81 The -ing form of a verb showing a continuing action in the past, present, or future: He was snoring during the lecture. The economy is improving. Business schools will be competing for this student.

projects. See writing projects

pronoun, 538–39, 598–610 A word used in place of a noun.

agreement with antecedent, 9, 604–6

ambiguous, 607–8

audience and, 32–33

case (form) of, 598–601

demonstrative, 539

gender-neutral, 361–63, 606

indefinite, 539, 594, 605

intensive, 538

interrogative, 539

after linking verb, 550

personal, 538, 598–601, 623, 709–10

possessive, 538, 709–10

Quick Help, 599, 606, 608

reciprocal, 539

reference to antecedent, 4, 598, 607–9

reflexive, 538

relative, 539, 556–57, 594–95

in sentence map, 536

vague, 4, 608

pronunciation, 387, 397–98

proofreading

email and online posts, 21

research projects, 259

spelling, 81, 394–99

Top Twenty, 1–11

in writing process, 88

proper adjectives, 5, 540, 731–32

proper names, 358, 732

proper nouns, 535

capitalization of, 5, 731–32

spell checkers and, 4, 395

proposal, grant, 317

prose. See memorable prose

proximity, in design, 265

pseudonym, citing

APA style, 462

MLA style, 415

psychology. See social sciences

public speaking. See presentations

public writing, 344–52. See also digital texts; global communication; Web sites

arguments as, 160

audience for, 31, 177, 345–46

design for, 262–71

genres and media, 345, 346

language for, 345

permissions for, 290

purpose of, 344–45

Quick Help, 345

sample student writing

flyer, 348

fundraising Web page, 347

newsletter, 350

online report, 351

pitch package, 349

timing of, 346

publishers, credibility of, 215, 218, 220

punctuation

apostrophes, 708–12

brackets, 721–22

colons, 724–25

commas, 686–89

dashes, 722–23

ellipses, 726–27

exclamation points, 705–6

parentheses, 720–21

periods, 704–5

question marks, 705

quotation marks, 713–19

semicolons, 688–89, 700–703

slashes, 726

purpose

for academic writing, 16–17, 25–27, 28

analyzing, 25–27, 28

for arguments, 161–63

for business writing, 322

design and, 263

in the disciplines, 293

evaluating sources and, 212, 215

for letters of inquiry, 325

for multimodal texts, 286

for online texts, 286

for portfolios, 337

for presentations, 272–74

previewing sources for, 126

for public writing, 344–45

reflecting on, 65

for research projects, 192, 215, 250–51

for social writing, 14–16

sources and, 212