Social Media, Social Identity, and Social Causes

ANNA DAVIS

This attention-getter works because it references something familiar to nearly everyone in a college-age audience.

The following informative speech by student Anna Davis may be characterized as a speech about both a concept and a phenomenon (see pp. 325, 326). The concept is social identity theory, which Anna uses to explain the contemporary phenomenon of promoting social causes on the Internet.

A preview statement, with brief mention of each main point, helps listeners mentally organize and anticipate the entire speech.

Anna makes ample use of definition and explanation to ensure her audience understands the theory and the terms used in her speech. She also offers analogies to make her explanations easier to understand. Note too her frequent use of transitions to help listeners follow along and her careful citation of sources. Anna’s speech is organized topically, in which she focuses on different subsets or categories of the topic. Topical arrangements give you the greatest freedom to structure main points according to the way you wish to present your information.

A personal example can help establish the speaker’s ethos, or credibility. This particular example also relates to the main theme of the speech, which deals with social identity and the answer to the question “Who am I?”

Just before my first year of college, I was excited and nervous about meeting other new students on campus. As soon as dorm assignments were announced, we all began “friending” each other on Facebook and following each other on Twitter. This is how I found out that my roommate was an obsessive soccer fan and had seen all of Quentin Tarantino’s movies. The school also sponsored online forums, allowing me to learn about different student groups and to find like-minded people across campus. For example, I connected immediately with students who share my interest in animal rescue and adoption. These online connections and groups helped my college friendships develop quickly and meaningfully, and gave me a sense of belonging on campus before I even arrived.

Anna clearly signals her transition into the body of the speech with the signal phrase “Let’s begin” and a rhetorical question.

Anna defines technical terms used within the speech; she can then refer to them later with the assurance that the audience will understand precisely what she means.

Today I’d like to share with you how social media is being used, not only to help students connect but also as a powerful tool to advance social causes and motivate us to act on their behalf. We’ll start by looking at a compelling theory of why social media is so uniquely suited to forging connections. Next, I’ll review some data on social media’s meteoric rise. Finally, we’ll see how today’s activists are harnessing social media to support an array of social causes to make life better for us all.

Offering explanations from an expert on the topic helps establish credibility for your speech.

Let’s begin our conversation about these intriguing developments in communication by considering the underlying reasons why we want to use social media in the first place. What is it that drives us to connect through social media with like-minded people and groups?

Anna remembers to define an ambiguous term.

Social identity theory offers a compelling answer to this question. First, let me define the concept of social identity. Social identity refers to how you understand yourself in relation to your group memberships. Michael Hogg, a professor of social psychology at Claremont University, focuses on social identity research. In his 2006 book on contemporary social psychological theories, Hogg explains that group affiliations provide us with an important source of identity, and we therefore want our groups to be valued positively in relation to other groups. By “affiliations” I simply mean the groups that we join and perhaps link to online.

Applying the key terms of the theory, Anna offers concrete explanations of how we create social identity online. This gives the listener a deeper understanding of the social media phenomena being discussed.

Social psychologist Henry Tajfel—one of the founders of social identity theory—spent years considering how we form our social identities. Tajfel believes that the groups to which we attach ourselves, both online and off, help answer the very important question, Who am I? According to Tajfel’s 1979 book The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, we associate with certain groups to help resolve the anxiety brought about by this fundamental question of identity. By selecting certain groups and not others, we define who we are and develop a sense of belonging in the social world. Social media sites such as Facebook provide a platform for this type of social identity formation by offering participants certain tools, such as the ability to “friend” people, groups, and even brands, and to “like” certain posts. The simple act of friending, for example, promotes social affiliation between two individuals, and our Facebook friends are collectively a source of social identity. Because we are proclaiming something important to our groups, announcing that we are in a serious relationship takes on great social significance. As we all know, it’s not official until it’s “Facebook official.”

Taking a common phrase used by your peers, such as “Facebook official,” encourages identification with the topic and speaker.

As you can see, social identity theory gives us insight into the reasons behind the popularity of social media sites: They let us proclaim to ourselves and the world, “This is who I am.” Even so, the near miraculous rate of growth of these sites over the past decade is surprising.

Anna offers a helpful internal summary of her points thus far and signals that she will transition to her next point.

It’s important to present statistics in ways that make sense for listeners—for example, using analogies and comparison. Here, Anna compares the large number of Facebook users to the population of the United States, making the abstract figure “1.16 billion” concrete.

According to Marcia Clemmit’s 2010 CQ Researcher article on social networking, Facebook had over one million members in 2005—just one year after its launch. This growth from zero to a million in one year was quite an impressive feat. Today, according to a May 2013 article on the number of active Facebook users published by the Associated Press, Facebook harbors over 1.16 billion members. That’s almost four times the population of the United States. Like Facebook, Twitter’s growth has also been astronomical. Shea Bennett, editor of the Mediabistro-sponsored blog AllTwitter, reports in an October 2013 article that Twitter had 218 million active users at the end of June 2013. Like Facebook, its success can be largely attributed to the demand for virtual communities that enable users to connect with one another.

As the data clearly show, people around the world are defining themselves socially and answering the question, “Who am I?” through the use of social media sites. And social movement organizations have taken note. Organizations of all kinds are using social media to get their messages across to global consumers and spur their members into action.

The subtle repetition of “Who am I?” reinforces the thesis of the speech.

An informative speech calls for balanced and unbiased examples.

Social movements, defined by Princeton.edu as “a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals,” range across the political and social spectrum. Consider Occupy Wall Street and the Tea Party. Both of these organizations communicate their messages and build support through social media sites. For example they use Facebook to announce events and link to petitions. In fact, a nonprofit organization called Social Movement Technologies created a Facebook page to help individual social movement organizations get out their message.

Here, Anna uses an internal summary to review her points thus far and an internal preview for her next main point.

But social media is not just being used as a platform for informing the public of a group’s mission and activities, or even merely to get people to sign petitions. Increasingly, activists are deploying social media to motivate like-minded people to get into the fight. To get a sense of what this means, consider the recent efforts of a seventeen-year-old skateboarder from St. Cloud, Minnesota.

Anna signals the close of the speech with the phrase, “Today I hope I’ve shown. . . .”

For three years, Austin Lee found himself struggling to get support for a skate park in his local community. But when he decided to use Facebook for his cause, things changed nearly overnight. Lee’s posting attracted 1,085 members, and even drew a portion of those members to city council meetings on behalf of his cause. David Unze of USA Today reported that Lee won the approval—and $500,000—for his skate park (2010). And it all happened within one day of Lee’s original posting on Facebook.

Anna concludes by briefly summarizing the main points.

So as you can see, if you can use social media to convince people to identify with what you want to accomplish, success is possible. Lee’s accomplishment shows us that we not only identify and affiliate ourselves with groups, but also are willing to actively work toward accomplishing their goals.

Finishing on a strong note, Anna leaves the audience with something to think about.

Today I hope I’ve shown that the skyrocketing use of social media sites over the past decade is no accident. The human desire to develop a positive sense of social identity through group affiliation is one reason for this phenomenon. Capitalizing on this universal psychological drive, social movement organizations are harnessing these technologies to accomplish their goals. Social media sites allow us to communicate, express, and identify with one another in ways that encourage affiliation as well as action. Whether it’s a major political movement or a teenager’s desire for a local skate park, social media technologies are powerful.

So as you tweet about new groups or see the next “Facebook official” status update, think about what groups you like, whom you have friended, and what those affiliations may be able to do for you. See you online!

References

Associated Press. (2013, May 1). Number of active users at Facebook over the years. Yahoo! News. Retrieved from http://news.yahoo.com/number-active-users-facebook-over-230449748.html

Bennett, S. (2013, October 4). How many active users does Twitter have, and how fast is it growing? [Web log post]. Retrieved October 16, 2013

Brenner, J., & Smith, A. (2013, August 5). 72% of online adults are social networking site users. Pew Internet and American Life Project.

Clemmitt, M. (2010, September 17). Social networking. CQ Researcher, 20(32). Retrieved August 17, 2013, from www.cqpress.com/product/Researcher-Social-Networking-v20-32.html

Constine, J. (2012, February 12). Pinterest hits 10 million U.S. monthly uniques faster than any standalone site ever. [Web log post]. Retrieved August 17, 2013, from http://techcrunch.com/2012/02/07/pinterest-monthly-uniques

Hogg, M. (2006). Social identity theory. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 111–136). Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Lipsman, A. (2011, August 30). Tumblr defies its name as user growth accelerates. [Web log post]. Retrieved August 17, 2013, from www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/
Tumblr_Defies_its_Name_as_User_Growth_Accelerates

Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Cortesi, S., Gasser, U., Duggan, M., Smith, A., & Beaton, M. (2013, May 21). Teens, social media, and privacy. Pew Internet and American Life Project.

Occupy Wall Street. (n.d.). In Facebook [Group page]. Retrieved August 17, 2013, from www.facebook.com/OccupyWallSt Social movement. (n.d.). Wordnetweb.Princeton.edu. Retrieved from http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=social%20movement

Social Movement Technologies. (n.d.). In Facebook [Group page]. Retrieved August 17, 2013, from www.facebook.com/SocialMovementTechnologies

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The social psychology of intergroup relations, v. 33, p. 47.

The Tea Party (n.d.). In Facebook [Group page]. Retrieved August 17, 2013, from www.facebook.com/TheTeaParty.net

Twitter. (2011, March 14). #numbers. [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/2011/numbers

Unze, D. (2010, March 26). Facebook helps spark movements. USA Today. Retrieved from http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-03-25-facebook_N.htm