Two widely used systems of documentation are outlined in The Chicago Manual of Style, Sixteenth Edition (2010). The first, typically used by public speakers, provides for bibliographic citations in endnotes or footnotes. This method, which is also frequently used by journalists and scholars in the humanities, is illustrated in this appendix. The second system, often used by writers in the physical and natural sciences, employs an author-date system: sources are cited in the text with full bibliographic information given in a concluding list of references.

For information about the author-date system—and more information generally about Chicago-style documentation—consult the Chicago Manual, Sixteenth Edition, Chapters 14 and 15.

1. Book by a Single Author Give the author’s full name followed by a comma. Then italicize the book’s title. In parentheses, give the city of publication followed by a colon, the publisher’s name followed by a comma, and the publication date. Place a comma after the parentheses, and then give the page numbers from which your paraphrase or quotation is taken.

1. Eric Alterman, What Liberal Media? The Truth about Bias and the News (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 180–85.

2. Book by Multiple Authors Give all the authors’ full names, the book’s title in italics, the publication information in parentheses, and the pages from which your paraphrase or quotation is taken.

2. Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2001), 57–58.

2. Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel, The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect, rev. ed. (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007), 61–62.

2. Leonard Downie Jr. and Robert G. Kaiser, The News about the News: American Journalism in Peril (New York: Knopf, 2002), 72–75.

3. Edited Work without an Author Give the editor’s full name followed by a comma, “ed.” for editor, and another comma. Then give the title in italics, publication information in parentheses, and the pages you’re citing.

3. Joseph B. Atkins, ed., The Mission: Journalism, Ethics, and the World (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 2002), 150–57.

4. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, s.v. “Ethics of journalism.”

4. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Yellow Journalism,” accessed October 17, 2010, www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652632/yellow-journalism.

5. Article in a Magazine Include the author’s full name, the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the magazine in italics, and the publication date. If you use a quotation, give the page number of the quotation. Otherwise, there is no need to cite the page numbers of the article.

5. John Leo, “With Bias toward All,” U.S. News & World Report, March 18, 2002, 8.

6. Article in a Journal Give the author’s full name, the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the journal in italics, the volume number, the issue number (if available), the year of publication in parentheses followed by a colon, and the pages used. If the journal article was found online, list the URL of the article or use the DOI (digital object identifier) instead of the URL if one is available. It is not necessary to include page numbers for articles accessed online.

6. Tom Goldstein, “Wanted: More Outspoken Views; Coverage of the Press Is Up, but Criticism Is Down,” Columbia Journalism Review 40, no. 4 (2001): 144–45.

6. Bree Nordenson, “Vanity Fire,” Columbia Journalism Review 45, no. 5 (2007), www.cjr.org/profile/vanity_fire.php.

7. Article in a Newspaper Include the author’s full name, the title of the article in quotation marks, the title of the newspaper in italics, the date of publication, the edition (such as “national edition”) if relevant, and the section of the paper in which the article appeared. Omit page numbers, even for a citation to a quotation. If the article was found online, give the URL to the article itself (or to the newspaper’s home page, if the article is archived).

7. Felicity Barringer, “Sports Reporting: Rules on Rumors,” New York Times, February 18, 2002, sec. C.

7. Peter M. Shane, “Repair the Electoral College: Four Steps Would Help Balance Majority Rule with Minority Rights,” Washington Post, October 31, 2004, final edition, www.washingtonpost.com.

8. FAIR (Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting), “Challenging Hate Radio: A Guide for Activists,” accessed September 21, 2010, www.fair.org/index.php?page=112.

9. E-mail Message Treat e-mail messages like personal communications. Give the sender’s full name, the phrase “e-mail message to author,” and the date of the message.

9. Grace Talusan, e-mail message to author, March 20, 2010.

10. Discussion Lists, Newsgroups, or Online Postings Give the author’s full name, followed by the name of the discussion list, the date of the posting, and the URL of the posting.

10. Ola Seifert to Society of Professional Journalists discussion list, August 23, 2011, http://f05n16.cac.psu.edu.

11. Blog Posts Include the author’s full name, the title of the blog entry (in quotation marks) followed by the name of the blog (in italics). Include “(blog)” after the name if it is not part of the name. If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well. End with the date of the blog post and the URL.

11. Brian Stetler, “Study: Some Viewers Were Misinformed by TV News,” Media Decoder (blog), New York Times, December 17, 2010, http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com.

12. Article in an Electronic Database Give the author’s full name, the title of the article (in quotation marks), the title of the periodical (in italics), publication information for the periodical, and the pages you are citing. Then cite the DOI (if available) or the name of the database and the document number.

12. Mark J. Miller, “Tough Calls: Deciding When a Suicide Is Newsworthy and What Details to Include Are among Journalism’s More Sensitive Decisions,” American Journalism Review 24, no. 10 (2002): 43, Expanded Academic ASAP (A95153129).

13. Government Document Use the governmental body or office as the author. Give the governmental body’s name (“U.S. Congress,” “U.S. House,” “Senate Committee on Foreign Relations”), the title of the article (in quotation marks) or publication (italicized), the usual publication information, and the page numbers you are citing.

14. Personal Communication Give the author’s name, the type of communication (e.g., “letter to author,” “e-mail message to author,” “conversation with author,” “telephone conversation with author”), and the date.

14. Soo Jin Oh, letter to author, August 13, 2010.

15. Interview Give the name of the interviewee, the interviewer, the name of the program or forum, the publication or network, and the date. Interviews that have not been published or broadcast should be cited with a description of the type of interview (e.g., “audio recording”) and the place the interview was conducted.

15. Walter Cronkite, interview by Daniel Schorr, Frontline, PBS, April 2, 1996.

16. Video Recording Give the title of the video, film, or other work; the director; the date of the original release; the place and name of the distribution company; the date of the recording; and the medium (VHS, DVD).

16. All the President’s Men, directed by Alan J. Pakula (1976; Burbank, Calif.: Warner Home Video, 1997), DVD.

17. Sound Recording List the composer or writer, the title of the work, the performer or conductor, the recording company or publisher, the recording number or date of release, and the medium.

17. Noam Chomsky, The Emerging Framework of World Power, read by the author (AK Press, 2003), compact disc.