INDEX

abbreviations, 327

Abedin, Huma, 72

abilities, assessing audience’s, 110

absolutism, ethical, 69

abstracts, in periodical indexes, 203

abstract word choice, 348

Academic Search Premier, 203

acceptance, latitude of, 520–21

acceptance speeches

defined, 589

strategies, 603–4

acknowledging work of others

common knowledge, 84

overview, 78–80

paraphrasing, 83–84

quoting, 80–83

action-oriented listening, 99

active learners, 245

active listening, 111–12

adaptiveness of oral language, 341–42

ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy, 563

ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy, 563–64

advanced search features, 217

after-dinner speeches

defined, 590

strategies, 608–11

age, 132

agenda-driven listening, 104–5

al-Sharif, Manal, 298–99

analogies, 242–43

anaphora, 358

anecdotes

in conclusions, 300–301

effectiveness of, 355–56

in introductions, 281–82

as supporting material, 240–42

Anthony, Susan B., 17

antithesis, 358–59

appeal to tradition, 568–69

appearance, personal. See personal appearance

argumentative listening

as cause of ineffective listening, 105

monitoring, in audience, 111

Aristotle, 547

arrangement, in canons of rhetoric, 39

articulation, speech, 384

assignment, topic selection and, 169–71

assistants, as presentation aids, 408–9

asynchronous presentations. See prerecorded presentations

atlases, 206

attention, gaining audience’s

asserting common ground, 284–85

building suspense, 283–84

quotations, 288–89

rhetorical questions, 286–88

stories and anecdotes, 281–82

striking or provocative statements, 282–83

using humor, 285–86

attention levels, 109–10

Attentiveness Curve, 98

audience

maximizing listening skills of: anticipating ineffective listening, 111–12

presentation aids and, 422–24

supporting materials and, 248–49

topic selection and, 178

See also audience analysis

audience analysis

common ground and, 143–44

demographics and: age, 138–39

disposition and, 148–50

gathering information: interviews, 150–53

for informative presentations, 494

introduction, 119–22

main points and, 256–57

prior exposure, 144–47

situational analysis, 155–56

situational characteristics: location, 124–27

audio clips, 416–17

Bachmann, Michele, 72

back-loading main message, 110

bandwagon (ad populum) fallacy, 563–64

bar graphs, 413

beliefs, core and peripheral, 528–29

biased language. See respectful and unbiased language

biases, noting (full disclosure). See disclosure, full

bibliography. See list of works cited

blockers, in groups, 636

body clock, 126–27

body language. See nonverbal communication: delivery skills

body of speech

defined, 255

outlining: citations, quotations, and other evidence, 312–13

Boehner, John, 72

books, 200–203

boomerang effect, 521

brainstorming, 165

brief examples, 235

Brown, Kevin M., 349–50

cameras, for recorded presentations

positioning of, 461–62

types of, 458

canons of rhetoric, 39–40

Catalog of U.S. Government Publications, 207

catalogs, library, 202

categorical pattern of organization

general applications, 268–70

informative speeches, 498

persuasive speeches, 536

causal pattern of organization

general applications, 267–68

informative speeches, 498

persuasive speeches, 532

causal reasoning

errors of, 563

guidelines for, 560–62

celebration speeches

defined, 590

strategies, 607–8

central route processing, 516–18

channel, in linear communication model, 19–20

chronemics, 126–27

chronological pattern of organization

general guidelines, 266–67

for informative speeches, 498

Cicero, 38–39

circle graphs, 414

citations

research process and, 195–96

in working outline, 314–15

claim-source-support order of presentation, 221–22

clarifiers, in groups, 635

clarity of presentation aids, 424–27

classical canons of rhetoric, 39–40

clinchers

anecdotes, 300–301

emotional messages, 299

ending with striking sentence or phrase, 298–99

highlighting thesis, 299

tying to introduction, 297–98

Clinton, Hillary, 24

common ground

asserting, in introduction, 284–85

audience analysis and, 143–44

mediated presentations and, 453–54

common knowledge, 84

communication, models of, 18–22

comparison pattern of organization

general applications, 268

informative speeches, 498

persuasive speeches, 532–33

comparison reasoning, 558–59

competence, credibility and, 547

compromisers, in groups, 636

conciseness, 351–52

conclusions

clinchers in: anecdotes, 297–98

outlining, 316

summarizing main points, 296–97

transitioning to, 295

concrete word choice, 348–50

conflict, managing, 631–33

conflicts of interest. See disclosure, full

connotative meanings, 344–45

constructive criticism, 113–14

content-oriented listening, 100

context

considering, in topic selection, 171

explaining, for statistics, 240

taking evidence out of, 76–78

Coolidge, Calvin, 23

core beliefs, 528–29

CQ Electronic Library/CQ Weekly, 208

credibility, personal (ethos)

building, 548–49

elements of, 547

establishing, in introduction, 292–93

losing, 549–51

overview, 546

value of evidence and, 191

word choice and, 340

credibility of sources

choice of supporting materials and, 244

criteria for evaluating: expertise, 199–200

Internet research and: overview, 212–14

criteria-application pattern of organization, 534–36

critical thinking, 27–28

critiques, speech, 112–14

cultural diversity, 24–27

culturally relative ethics, 71

Davis, Viola, 612

decoding, in linear communication model, 20

defeated listening, 111–12

definitions

as method of informing, 472–73

as supporting materials, 236–37

De inventione (Cicero), 39

delivering your speech

introduction, 369–70

modes of delivery: impromptu speaking, 374–76

nonverbal delivery skills: eye contact, 396–97

tailoring delivery to encourage active listening, 111

verbal delivery skills: articulation, 379–80

delivery, in canons of rhetoric, 40

delivery reminders, 328

demographics, audience

dimensions of: age, 138–39

informative presentations and, 494

presentation aids and, 422–23

demonstration, 477–79

denotative meanings, 343–44

description, 473–77

designated leaders, 626

detailed outline. See working outline

diagrams, 412–13

diction. See language

dictionaries, 206

dictionary definitions, 237

dilemmas, false, 567

directories, Web, 217

disclosure, full (noting biases)

credibility and, 550–51

ethics and, 531

disposition, audience

audience analysis and, 148–50

persuasive speaking and, 518–22

distractions, filtering out, 106–7

distractors, in groups, 637

documenting sources, 221

domain names, 211–12

dominators, in groups, 637

Douglas, Stephen, 16

Douglass, Frederick, 16

drawings, 412

Duckworth, Tammy, 12–13

education and occupation, audience, 139–41

elaborators, in groups, 634

emergent leaders, 626–27

emotion, appeals to. See pathos

encoding, in linear communication model, 19

encouragers, in groups, 636

encyclopedias, 206

energy levels, considering, 109–10

e-readers, checking out library books with, 202

ethics

acknowledging the work of others: common knowledge, 80–83

codes of: absolute, situational, and culturally relative, 69–71

communication studies and, 29–30

introduction, 67–69

legal speech vs. ethical speech, 72–73

listening and, 85–86

persuasive presentations and: attributing research, 530–31

recording interviews, 220

sound reasoning and, 84–85

speech critiques and, 114

truthful communication: false inferences, 73

ethnicity, 135–36

ethos. See credibility, personal

etymological definitions, 237

eulogies

defined, 590

strategies, 604–6

evaluating, in communication process, 96

evaluators, in groups, 635

events, 486–88

evidence

persuasive speaking and, 553–55

presenting, 221–22

in speaking outline, 327–28

taking out of context, 76–78

topic research and, 190–91

in working outline, 314–15

See also logos

example reasoning, 556–57

examples

hypothetical, 354–55

in speech critiques, 114

as supporting materials, 234–35

expert definitions, 237

expertise, credibility of research sources and, 197

expert testimony, 237–38

explanation, 473

extemporaneous delivery, 310–11

extended examples, 235

“Extra Credit You Can Live Without” (Martinez), 576–82

eye contact

delivering speech and, 388–92

interviews and, 220

mediated presentations and, 452–53

presentation aids and, 432–33

F2F (face-to-face) communication, 439. See also mediated communication

fact claims

defined, 514

organizing, 532–34

fallacies, logical. See logical fallacies

false dilemma fallacy, 567

false inferences, 75–78

Falwell, Jerry, 149

fear appeals, 571–72

feedback

mediated communication and, 465–66

speech critiques, 112–14

in transactional communication model, 21

figurative analogies, 242–43

figurative language, 358–60

fillers, verbal, 386–87

filtering out distractions, 106–7

fixed-response questions

on audience surveys, 152

in interviews, 219

flowcharts, 416

formality, 342–43

forum (location)

presentation aids and, 421–22

as situational characteristic, 127–28

freedom of expression, 29–30

front-loading main message, 110

full disclosure (noting biases). See disclosure, full

full-text periodical indexes, 203

functional definitions, 237

gatekeepers, in groups, 636

Gehrig, Lou, 12

gender

audience composition and, 132–33

language and, 361–62

generalizations, hasty, 562

general periodical indexes, 203–4

gestures

live presentations and, 392–94

mediated presentations and, 453

goodwill, credibility and, 547

Google Scholar, 217

government documents, 207–8

GPO Access, 208

Grimké, Angelina, 16–17

group chat/video, 464

group presentations

overview, 642

panel discussions, 644–45

single group representative format, 645–46

symposia, 643–44

groups

decision making in, 640–42

dynamics of, 621–23

informative speaking about, 483–86

leadership of: leading meetings, 624–27

membership of: tips for participating in small groups, 634–37

groupthink, 630

half-truths, 74–75

harmonizers, in groups, 636

hasty generalizations, 562

Havel, Václav, 282–83

hearing vs. listening, 95–96

hierarchy of needs, 523

hierarchy of points

subordination and coordination, 259–63

when a subpoint doesn’t fit, 263–64

hooks, memory, 232

hostile audiences, 148

humor, 285–86

hypothetical examples, 354–55

ideas, informative speaking about, 491–93

imagery, 358

immediacy, mediated communication and, 448–49

implied leaders, 626

impromptu speaking, 376–78

indentation, 311

indexes

library, 194

periodical, 203–5

individuals, informative speaking about, 483–86

inductive reasoning. See reasoning

ineffective listening

anticipating, in audience, 109–11

causes: agenda-driven listening, 101–2

inferences, false, 75–78

information gatherers, in groups, 634

information providers, in groups, 634

informative presentations

clarifying and simplifying message, 499–502

developing: audience analysis, 495–97

introduction, 471–72

rhetorical purpose and topic selection, 176

sample speech: “Spider Silk: A Miracle Material Derived from . . . Goats?” (Parish), 502–7

techniques for: definition, 479–81

topics for: events, 488–91

informed decisions, 529–30

initiators, in groups, 634

integration, in listening process, 95

interests, topic selection and

initial, 171

narrowing the topic, 179–80

interference, in linear communication model, 20

internal previews and summaries, 274–75

Internet connection, for real-time mediated presentations, 464

Internet research

benefits, 208–9

credibility of social media, 214–15

credibility of Web sites, 212–14

disadvantages, 209–12

overview, 193

searching the World Wide Web, 215–17

interpreting, in communication process, 96

interruptive listening, 103–4

interviews

of audiences, 153–54

of sources: conducting the interview, 219

introduction, speeches of

defined, 589

strategies, 598–600

introductions to presentations

establishing credibility, 292–93

gaining audience’s attention: asserting common ground, 285–86

outlining, 315–16

overview, 280–81

previewing main points, 293–94

signaling thesis, 289–90

WIIFM (what’s in it for me) statements, 290–91

invention, in canons of rhetoric, 39

“Invisibility: Science Fiction No More!” (Betancur)

speaking outline, 329–32

working outline, 319–25

invitational questions, 130

jargon, 347

John Paul II, 137–38

JSTOR, 204

Kennedy, Edward, 149

Kennedy, John F., 18

keywords, 194

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 338

knowledge

of audience, 110 (see also prior exposure)

personal, 179–80

labeling, 311

language

clarity and: conciseness, 346–47

denotative and connotative meanings, 343–45

effectiveness of: figurative language, 356–58

importance of, 339–40

introduction, 337–39

loaded, 575

oral vs. written, 341–43

respectful and unbiased: appropriate references to ethnic groups, 363

latitudes of acceptance and rejection, 520–21

lay testimony, 238

leadership, group

managing conflict, 631–33

overview, 623–24

selecting a leader, 624–27

learning styles, 245–47

Lee, Suzanne, 174

legally protected speech, 72–73

LexisNexis Academic, 204

librarians, 205

library research

books, 200–203

government documents, 207–8

newspapers, 205–6

overview, 200

periodicals, 203–5

reference works, 206

Lincoln, Abraham, 16

linear communication model, 19–20

line graphs, 413

listening and listening skills

as audience member, 112–14

causes of poor listening: agenda-driven listening, 101–2

ethics and, 85–86

improving: filtering out distractions, 107–8

in interviews, 220

introduction, 91–94

maximizing in audience: anticipating ineffective listening, 108–9

process of: listening styles, 97

list of works cited

elements of, 49

in working outline, 316–18

lists, 247–48

literal analogies, 242

loaded language, 575

location. See forum

logical fallacies

ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy, 563

ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy, 563–64

appeal to tradition, 568–69

ethics and, 84–85

false dilemma fallacy, 567

hasty generalization, 562

post hoc fallacy, 563

reversed causality, 563

slippery slope fallacy, 566

straw person fallacy, 565–66

logical reasoning. See reasoning

logos (evidence and meaning)

overview, 551–53

using evidence, 553–55

using reasoning (see reasoning)

loudness of delivery, 379–80

lying, 73–74

main message, front- and back-loading, 110

main points

arranging: categorical pattern, 264–65

previewing, in introduction, 293–94

selecting: appropriate number of main points, 255

in speaking outline, 327

summarizing, in conclusion, 296–97

maintenance-oriented roles, 635–36

manuscripts

memorizing speech from, 373–74

reading speech from, 371–73

maps, 411

Maslow, Abraham, 523

McCain, John, 72

mediated communication

advantages: prerecorded only, 445–46

challenges: decreased nonverbal communication, 450–51

introduction, 437–39

optimizing delivery and messages: building common ground, 451–52

recording classroom speech: attire, 458

rise of: overview, 441–42

special considerations for real-time presentations: audience interaction, 464

meetings, leading, 628–31

memorial speeches

defined, 590

strategies, 604–6

memorizing from a manuscript, 373–74

memory, in canons of rhetoric, 39–40

message, in linear communication model, 19

metaphors, 359–60

Microsoft Academic Search, 217

mind mapping, 168–69

mixed-media presentations, 419

mixed metaphors, 360

mobility, audience, 128–30

models of communication, 18–22

moderators, in panel discussions, 644

modes of delivery

impromptu speaking, 376–78

memorizing from a manuscript, 373–74

reading from a manuscript, 371–73

speaking from an outline, 374–76

Monroe’s motivated sequence, 537

movement, physical. See physical movement

multitasking, 450

narrative, as method of informing, 479–81

narratives. See anecdotes

naturalness, mediated communication and, 447

needs, audience, 523–24

nervous listening, 105–6

neutral audiences, 148–49

newspapers, 205–6

noise, in linear communication model, 20

nonlistening, 102–3

nonverbal communication

delivery skills: eye contact, 396–97

mediated presentations and, 449

nonverbal symbols, 19

norm facilitators, in groups, 636

notes, interview

evaluating, 221

taking, 220

note taking

providing speech critiques and, 113

unprocessed, 101–2

Obama, Barack, 147

objective, research, 192–93

objectivity of research sources

guidelines for assessing, 197–98

Internet sponsoring organizations and, 212

objects

informative speaking about, 481–83

as presentation aids, 409–10

observational capacity, 198–99

observation of audiences, 154–55

omissions, 78

online periodical indexes, 203–4

open-ended questions

on audience surveys, 152–53

in interviews, 219

oral vs. written language, 341–43

organization, in listening process, 95

organizing speeches

arranging main points: categorical pattern, 264–65

introduction, 253–55

selecting main points: appropriate number of main points, 255

supporting materials: subordination and coordination, 263–64

using organizing words and sentences: internal previews and summaries, 271–73

outlines, mental, 377–78

Packard, Vance, 523

panel discussions, 644–45

panning, 391–92

paraphrasing

avoiding plagiarism and, 83–84

power wording and, 222

participatory media, 214

pathos

conclusions and, 299

ethical use of, 573–75

guidelines for using, 569–73

special-occasion speeches and, 592–94

patterns of organization

criteria-application pattern, 534–36

general: categorical, 264–65

for persuasive presentations: categorical, 538–39

pausing, 386–88

peer-reviewed periodicals, 203

people-oriented listening, 100

periodicals, 203–5

peripheral beliefs, 528–29

peripheral route processing, 516–18

personal anecdotes, 355–56

personal appearance

general considerations, 398–99

special considerations for mediated presentations, 460–61

personal attack (ad hominem) fallacy, 563

persuasion, methods of

ethos (credibility): building, 546

introduction, 545–46

logos (evidence and meaning): overview, 551–53; using evidence, 553–55; using reasoning (see reasoning)

reasoning (see reasoning)

See also persuasive speaking

persuasive speaking

ethics and: attributing research, 530–31

organizing persuasive presentations: fact claims, 534–36

overview: central and peripheral route processing, 511–12

as rhetorical purpose, 176

sample speech: “Extra Credit You Can Live Without” (Martinez), 576–82

strategic discourse: tailoring message to audience: acknowledging reservations, 524–25

See also persuasion, methods of

photographs, 412

physical movement

live presentations, 394–95

mediated presentations, 453

pie charts, 414

plagiarism

common knowledge, 84

overview, 78–80

paraphrasing, 83–84

quoting, 80–83

plans, research

determining objective, 192–93

identifying sources, 193–94

keeping track of sources, 195–96

policy claims

defined, 516

organizing, 536–39

political affiliation, audience, 141–42

political correctness, 364

post hoc fallacy, 563

preparation outline. See working outline

prerecorded presentations

advantages of, 443–45

defined, 441

producing: attire, 458

presentation, speeches of

defined, 589

strategies, 601–3

presentation aids

guidelines for developing: audience, 424

for informative speeches, 501

introduction, 403–4

maximizing audience listening with, 110–11

reasons for using: adding interest, 406

types of: assistants, 411–13

using during speech: controlling audience interaction, 433

using technology, 418–21

presentation software, 418–20

presentation time

as situational characteristic, 124–26

special-occasion speeches and, 597

supporting materials and, 249

previewing main points, 293–94

preview of speech preparation process

classical approach, 38–40

preparation and delivery, overview of: audience analysis, 53–54

reasons for preparing, 37–38

previews, internal, 274–75

prior exposure

audience analysis and, 144–47

presentation aids and, 423–24

problem-cause-solution pattern of organization, 534–36

processes, informative speaking about, 488–91

processing, listening skills and, 96–97

projection, vocal, 383–84

pronunciation, 550

“Providence College Commencement Address” (Davis), 612–16

provocative statements, in introductions, 282–83

proxemics, 396–97

public speaking (general introduction)

defined, 6–9

as field of study: critical thinking, 22–24

history of, 13–18

introduction, 3–5

uses for: career, 10

purpose, rhetorical. See rhetorical purpose

purpose, specific. See specific purpose

questions

from audience: anticipating, 130

to audience: opening with, 286–88

in interviews: conducting, 219

on surveys: fixed-response questions, 152

Quintilian, 13

quotation books, 206

quotations

in introductions, 288–89

in working outline, 314–15

quoting, 80–83

race and ethnicity, 135–36

rate of delivery, 381–83

reading from a manuscript, 371–73

Reagan, Ronald, 18

real-time mediated presentations

advantages, 445–46

defined, 441

producing: audience interaction, 464

reasoning

logical fallacies: ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy, 565–66

types of: causal reasoning, 560

receiver, in linear communication model, 20

recency of research sources, 199–200

recorders, in groups, 635

recording presentations. See prerecorded presentations

redundancy. See repetition

reference works, 206

reflective learners, 245–46

reflective-thinking process, 640–42

reiteration, 501

rejection, latitude of, 520–21

relativism, ethical, 71

relaxation techniques, 60

religion, 136–38

repetition

effectiveness of, 352–54

informative presentations and, 502

in written vs. oral language, 343

representative examples, 557

researching your topic

creating a research plan: determining objective, 195–96

evaluating credibility of sources: expertise, 199–200

Internet research: benefits, 215–17

interviewing sources: conducting the interview, 219

introduction, 189–90

library research: books, 206

reasons for, 190–91

topic selection and, 164–65

reservations, acknowledging, 526–27

respectful and unbiased language, 360–61

appropriate references to ethnic groups, 362

gender-neutral terms, 361–62

political correctness, 364

stereotypes, 361

unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality, 363

responding, in communication process, 96

responsibility, ethics and, 71

retention, as listening skill, 97

reversed causality, 563

Rhetoric (Aristotle), 13

rhetoric, classical canons of, 39–40

rhetorical purpose

deciding on, 175–76

narrowing topic and, 180

rhetorical questions

in introductions, 286–88

in mediated presentations, 455

Ride, Sally, 299

roles, group member

maintenance-oriented roles, 635–36

self-oriented roles, 636–37

task-oriented roles, 634–35

Romney, Mitt, 138

scaled questions, 152

screen sharing, 464

scripts. See manuscripts

search engines, 215–17

selecting a topic

developing a set of potential topics: brainstorming, 165–68

drafting specific purpose, 182–83

drafting thesis statement, 183–84

introduction, 161–63

narrowing the choices: assignment, 174

refining the topic: deciding rhetorical purpose, 176–81

selection, in listening process, 95

self-oriented roles, 636–37

sensing, in communication process, 96

sentences, 312–13

setting and background, for recorded presentations, 458–60

sexual orientation, 134–35

shared meaning, 21–22

signposts, 273–74

sign reasoning, 560

similes, 359–60

single group representative format, 645–46

situational audience analysis, 155–56

situational characteristics

location, 127–28

mobility, 128–30

overview, 122

size, 123–24

time, 124–27

topic selection and, 181

situational ethics, 69

size, audience

mediated communication and, 443

taking account of, 123–24

slideware, 418–20

slippery slope fallacy, 566

social media, 214

sound recordings, 416–17

source, in linear communication model, 19

sources, research

credibility of: expertise, 199–200

identifying, 193–94

keeping track of, 195–96

spatial pattern of organization

general guidelines, 264–65

for informative speeches, 498

speaking outline

defined, 310–11

delivering speech from, 374–76

elements of, 326–28

formatting, 325–26

sample: “Invisibility: Science Fiction No More!” (Betancur), 329–32

special-occasion speaking

guidelines for: adapting to audience’s expectations, 597

introduction, 587–89

rhetorical purpose and topic selection, 176

sample speech: “Providence College Commencement Address” (Davis), 612–16

specific strategies: acceptance speeches, 601–3

types of, 589–92

specific purpose

topic selection and, 182–83

in working outline, 318

speech anxiety

overview, 56–57

preparing early and following a plan, 57–58

relaxation techniques, 60

taking care of yourself, 58–59

visualizing success, 59–60

volunteering to speak first, 60–61

speed of delivery, 381–83

“Spider silk: A Miracle Material Derived from ... Goats?” (Parish), 502–7

sponsoring organizations, 212

stage fright. See speech anxiety

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 17

stationary audiences, 128–29

statistics, 239–40

stereotypes, 361

Stone, Lucy, 17

strategic discourse: tailoring message to audience

acknowledging reservations, 526–27

demonstrating benefits, 526

disposition, 518–22

focusing on peripheral beliefs, 528–29

needs, 523–24

values, 524–25

straw person fallacy, 565–66

striking sentences and phrases

ending clinchers with, 298–99

in introductions, 282–83

style, in canons of rhetoric, 39

styles, listening, 98–100

subordination (subpoints and sub-subpoints)

coordination and, 259–63

in speaking outline, 327

when a subpoint doesn’t fit, 263–64

in working outline, 313

summaries

in conclusion, 296–97

internal, 274–75

superficial listening, 112

supporting materials

guidelines for using: appealing to different learning styles, 245

introduction, 227–28

mediated presentations and, 455

organizing your speech and: subordination and coordination, 263–64

reasons for using: building audience interest, 233

types of: analogies, 237–38

surveillance, audience, 109–10

surveys, 150–53

suspense, building, 283–84

sympathetic audiences, 148

symposia, 643–44

synchronous presentations. See real-time mediated presentations

synthesizers, in groups, 635

synthetic thinking, books as source of, 202

takeaways, 456

task-oriented roles, 634–35

technological difficulties, 450–51

technological presentation aids, 418–20

temporal pattern of organization. See chronological pattern of organization

testimony, 237–38

text-based visuals, 414–16

thesis statement

drafting, 183–84

highlighting, in clincher, 299

signaling, in introduction, 289–90

in working outline, 318

tics, verbal, 388

time, presentation. See presentation time

time-oriented listening, 100

title, 318

tone of delivery, 380–81

topical pattern of organization. See categorical pattern of organization

topic statements, 184

top-level domains, 211–12

tradition, appeal to, 568–69

transactional communication model, 20–22

transitions

organizing your speech and, 271–73

in speaking outline, 328

in working outline, 315

Truman, Harry S., 23

trustworthiness, credibility and, 547

truthful communication

false inferences, 75–78

half-truths, 74–75

lying, 73–74

overview, 73

two-sided arguments, 526–27

unbiased language. See respectful and unbiased language

unprocessed note taking, 101–2

value claims

defined, 514–15

organizing, 535–36

values, audience, 524–25

verbal charts, 414

verbal clutter, 352

verbal delivery

mediated communication and, 451–52

skills: articulation, 379–80

verbal fillers, 386–87

verbal learners, 246

verbal symbols, 19

verbal tics, 388

video clips, 416–17

Virtual Chase, 213–14

visual images, as presentation aids, 411–13

visualization, 59–60

visual learners, 246

vivid language, 356–58

volume of delivery, 379–80

Web directories, 217

WIIFM (what’s in it for me) statements

in introductions, 290–91

persuasive speaking and, 526

Wikipedia, 214

withdrawers, in groups, 636

word association, 165–68

word choice. See language

working outline

body of speech: citations, quotations, and other evidence, 312–13

conclusion, 316

defined, 309–10

introduction, 315–16

list of works cited, 316–18

sample: “Invisibility: Science Fiction No More!” (Betancur), 319–25

title, specific purpose, and thesis, 318

works cited, list of. See list of works cited

worldviews, 26–27

World Wide Web, searching, 215–17

See also Internet research

yearbooks, 206

Yousafzai, Malala, 3–4