Chapter 3

1 See C. G. Christians, “Primordial Issues in Communication Ethics,” in The Handbook of Global Communication and Communication Ethics, ed. R. S. Fortner (Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell, 2011), 5: “For cultural relativism, morality is a social product. Whatever the majority in a given culture approves is a social good. Since all cultures are presumed to be equal in principle, all value systems are equally valid. Cultural relativity now typically means moral relativism. Contrary to an ethnocentrism of judging other groups against a dominant Western model other cultures are not considered inferior only different.”

2 Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th ed., s.v. “plagiarism.”

3 See N. Granitz and D. Loewy, “Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism,” Journal of Business Ethics 72 (2007): 293: “Through online paper mills, http://www.cheater.com, http://www.schoolsucks.com, Google searches, as well as access to library databases, students literally have a world of information at their fingertips.”

4 N. P. Lewis and B. Zhong, “The Personality of Plagiarism,” Journalism and Mass Communication Educator 66 (December 2011): 327; J. M. Stephens, M. F. Young, and T. Calabrese, “Does Moral Judgment Go Offline When Students Are Online? A Comparative Analysis of Undergraduates’ Beliefs and Behaviors Related to Conventional and Digital Cheating,” Ethics and Behavior 17 (July 2007): 233–54.

5 United States National Park Service, “History Continued,” Statue of Liberty National Monument, August 14, 2006, http://www.nps.gov/stli/historyculture/history-continued.htm (accessed May 16, 2013).