Chapter 18 Review

“Persuasive speakers are credible, logical, and emotionally affecting.”

After you have selected a topic for your persuasive speech, analyzed your audience, and chosen an effective thesis, you need to develop a message that compels listeners to accept your thesis—and your ultimate goal of changing or strengthening their beliefs, attitudes, or actions. You can do this by combining ethos, logos, and pathos.

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Through ethos, you establish your credibility as a speaker. The audience must perceive that you are competent and trustworthy and have their best interests at heart. You can avoid losing credibility by avoiding statements that raise doubts about your knowledge, honesty, or goodwill.

Through logos, you use credible evidence to support your claims. You also present sound reasoning to establish these claims by using examples, comparisons, signs, and cause-effect relationships. When reasoning, it is essential to avoid logical fallacies.

Through pathos, you further strengthen your persuasive power by evoking your audience members’ emotions—not to manipulate your listeners but to move them in an ethical and responsible manner to take the action you’re proposing or adopt the belief you’re advocating.

Together, ethos, logos, and pathos can help you win your listeners’ heads (their reason), hearts (their emotions), and hands (their commitment to action). Master these three tools, and you’ll greatly enhance your prowess as a persuasive speaker.

LaunchPad for Speak Up offers videos and encourages self-assessment through adaptive quizzing. Look for the check icon and play icon throughout the chapter for adaptive quizzing and online video activities.

Key Terms

ethos (credibility) 538

competence 538

trustworthiness 538

goodwill 539

logos 543

evidence 543

fallacious (faulty) reasoning 543

precise evidence 544

inductive reasoning 547

example reasoning 547

representative example 549

comparison reasoning 550

sign reasoning 550

causal reasoning 551

hasty generalization 553

post hoc fallacy 553

reversed causality 555

ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy 555

ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy 555

straw person fallacy 556

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slippery slope fallacy 557

false dilemma fallacy 557

appeal to tradition fallacy 558

pathos 560

fear appeal 561

loaded language fallacy 565

Review Questions

  1. Question

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  2. Question

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  3. Question

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  4. Question

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  5. Question

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  6. Question

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  7. Question

    AyHByM1O/2kSParHVc5ZKGGiFlaBhnYuDTUV2s2ggurAUgApIqLI2i4NVj4XeVxXifW3SOMIW5f1vMnV

Critical Thinking Questions

  1. Question

    /M7zHCK29Ij09chNa3Skskc6/cD7mBLPbWKLlnibnVveBuTAHgYUWLMtfU2xIEgExGjYO9/jucz2Pqe4oWP5z0AYBOWKp3nXrzHpo3yMhiRfdyG0EohttMaw2ZckF+JaeyVbfgAOGq2gvybzlnj3Vscwk9xH65IuTnyKJl76/Vqrcz7xSGIlLACoVJi4hphLBSVzzXNUolDz4FGRRRpoaTzz7JkN+8JwggCVpoYI4MgnUyM1zwdXw2+qGZFc8S3lrcSESCQYcSD54PzZj36nPVoNhKVKsR2knmcR0PxV56jWjw8J

  2. Question

    O0z861jfn9PcMJFppmQyoV+UfTcMQOrcuw/6W7NnL/kBMJFRZr1pWjW3HVKAAmgmn9PPjCpLxn7tKBwX3qVydO+VLzfDDzgP4pwzUx8GGNsmabbNrfvV0czsizb+w1LgOEdVGSKqpjeBGgLG4Jg2oK4p6arTvxYztDw8V/aymbJQltY25p7GP8ipyfhWkE3jcVVO788jP/wry3GOdMHFelrqjm3qR9XhJSCbVlOKDo7i3SuuNETQwXceERsjTtZ5HYZufB8KG9juiINEi1A437/dUL/rmDBH+DV83A==

  3. Question

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    How should a speaker who favors a particular tradition develop a logical argument in favor of that tradition that avoids committing an appeal to tradition fallacy? For example, how might a speaker build a case for the general education requirement described in the text on page 558? In a broader sense, how can you build a strong and ethical argument for maintaining a tradition that you support?

  4. Question

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  5. Question

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Activities

  1. Question

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    Chapter 18 - Activity Question 1

  2. Question

    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
    Chapter 18 - Activity Question 2

  3. Question

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    Chapter 18 - Activity Question 3

  4. Question

    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
    Chapter 18 - Activity Question 4

  5. Question

    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
    Chapter 18 - Activity Question 5

  6. Question

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    Chapter 18 - Activity Question 6