What’s the Significance?
decolonization, 1088–92
Indian National Congress, 1094
Mahatma Gandhi/satyagraha, 1094–97
Muslim League, 1096
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, 1096
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 1098–99
African National Congress, 1100–02
Nelson Mandela, 1100–02
Black Consciousness/Soweto, 1101
military government, 1105–08
globalization of democracy, 1108–09
import substitution and export-led industrialization, 1111
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 1113–15
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, 1115–17
Big Picture Questions
Next Steps: For Further Study
Chinua Achebe, Anthills of the Savannah (1989). A brilliant fictional account of post-independence Nigeria by that country’s foremost novelist.
Frederick Cooper, Africa since 1940 (2002). A readable overview of the coming of independence and efforts at development by a leading historian of Africa.
Ramachandra Guha, India after Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy (2007). A thoughtful account of India’s first six decades of independence.
John Isbister, Promises Not Kept (2006). A well-regarded consideration of the obstacles to and struggles for development in the Global South.
Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela (1995). Mandela’s account of his own amazing life as nationalist leader and South African statesman.
W. David McIntyre, British Decolonization, 1946–1997 (1998). A global history of the demise of the British Empire.
Complete Site on Mahatma Gandhi, http://www.mkgandhi.org. A wealth of resources for exploring the life of Gandhi.