What might an observant Chinese traveler from the Han dynasty era find surprising or offensive in India or the Greco-Roman world? What similarities might he or she notice?
Why do you think slavery was so much more prominent in Greco-Roman civilization than in India or China?
What philosophical, religious, or cultural ideas served to legitimate the class and gender inequalities of second-wave civilizations?
What changes in the patterns of social life in second-wave civilizations can you identify? What accounts for these changes?
Looking Back: Cultural and social patterns of civilizations seem to endure longer than the political framework of states and empires. What evidence from Chapters 3, 4, and 5 might support this statement? How might you account for this phenomenon? Is there evidence that could support a contrary position?