Dolley Madison’s pioneering role as “presidentress” showed that elite women could assume an active presence in civic affairs. But, as with the 1790s cultural compromise that endorsed female education to make women into better wives and mothers (see “The Republican Wife and Mother” in chapter 9), Mrs. Madison and her female circle practiced politics to further their husbands’ careers. There was little talk of the “rights of woman.” Indeed, from 1800 to 1825, key institutions central to the shaping of women’s lives—the legal system, marriage, and religion—proved fairly resistant to change. Nonetheless, the trend toward increased commitment to female education that began in the 1780s and 1790s continued in the first decades of the nineteenth century.