PROBLEMS

Question 12.1

UppCCOVhCuMPUrtegd2ImlpKiOFzRD+fv0mXD6oJ+MICGVLndjy+cHKiyxKGawa99Crk4AHRCxuZ8d2Ad0CyDfJgUx7VF5uYWlt7R9dXWgWW0JYSYPx0mgHmOr0n7537NSf5FZxNLzqqhyIGVJcLXSWZ2JNis7gaGg9IwVVryxs=

Question 12.2

VeOQPSH8oXntHZe4WJDN4nFZXXwyGEbvrpSjs2ITfrztiBtGFyByB64yMXCPxqEPgGWpWFZvuBbnn12gWtCOxpKsWmq+MowUvMKB5EBKJR/zGKOJLdcF5Ew3f0TCfSbTZ1JC9rlPMMSMyB/agwgJkirDLsdPKOLdFxObkhdDvsQa+AISfrU1WOiT0IC9FkBVzLHSB+YDYE8W8dCEQGm9UuqPdQMLW7uWTR1oKQ==

Question 12.3

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

Question 12.4

4lYCJ96HsFij0gRa1JvWiWnE63GR38Dvtk/e59xvxIx7p/suKWPStxBKDTQ6dMLXGWvM6VBIJjf3jEF8eQxG8G8v7yCrnkRIxNsrUZ2ZLETrg1RoX3+JYo9bsk5EiXaLs2m5ZffueLRJjKQtJudg2zgKBG+Xb9Og8SL09F2PG1uaNak5+ENsKxICrQUNuWMKrnfUocqC//VbNICyncuPTTkQyJyGzbxKPBIGbpnbBye3fpt43j0yvBzgsoTjbdz0dsF4YI8lhCf+x5z3pyWipVhfEDwvXM2oJbbEgHOnYTliVe/A7gHKL5VIWWXM5/itygUU+BgZey9GJC/y

Question 12.5

qA2K+wmhchQpTETfVN+wSj5fjkwCMEVlmluTWdcXFZPTRVvFJQdeMrfYaqbsw2qUfiC9m9RmSYFMlK/hHGNiKGcILj1ExEAXyE8/INgmG/8XuEmh72pJMfOL/LJ9e5xVNi+GVH9i/sUIExRQ+LHuqnmJ0sVKRUB0y15b/46mzDRzfl+wn8NGbFVle/WjVvx5

Question 12.6

R1RwdBKJxT9ODxyIOkqVAcz8deXJ/x4vXVYpOgpAFiLfQuoA4fAmcQEPPwSc7SGzR8gR1za++ISN9e9bB1TQmAPml7geD/RxT4b/DTitf3T7V8ksX+h/LRNQvgJXKCa8IlLaYYRjrPFggTshvAQvwvb9h7McloK24LbHKpMsn+W+BAAg

Question 12.7

/z76BAly/XD3JPmcQmAyMOAa1pf88qp4m0gU9IkQCUCFQT5x4NuYbzP2QORElegnPzPL+qQPU+MY89SOGNcWAdxgMMYtrdXfKnKepQO7HaOmmoqQPuN1ZaToaENLGAo8yDFut4SbIh+Ekfg971WMjCDnbDm2hSk5l1Kvp6PgFQBnNvWZZgCsOWJM3eh4VfWUauiF4QyGRCoLmxlZEhKdYqgaN0no7NWPcUCcXkff6+MLD3GYnyIqO1WPFkmEhMuZIZ1V2etJoblFEuDqyozhshQYynHvYldCF6qFyqteycSYjF9b91Ve4EYho29fMgTv2/LufgTQPMwiiOTjBa/upeBmQ5gGg1j5i+bZNoCZLN3UxlaLfKt7itUzKUNRVQhatBFn2K1f+40gH6LVBNnXqGx6hVIEy4Q0/xjYucOa1Er1AvhhKlt1cRZ+RrQ=

Question 12.8

2Gmq3D2Iwi/7y7qtYN4AwvSzzFTaIXJJ/8aWhtO3KAtIWc/lNI76HuPM76iejoHGlxATfdJlZ9ckMFgJAJFJhr+9OWvvj7Lvqqzd/BYtt8AV2nEqAnF0YqcjjyjGTU/FOQizWCtpPKtZHTrSxPRdY1Ptf55DSMtG2e67+d4AvDtar3QtpiU2MXUeNCr1lBYai8kZi6hrp9QPtvaHJ3qh0bQw72tUqDjTeSVJX9EJmIyUzDbs+wPTM6sFUsdNXEArZ20w6lZ+3w6qQ0Sqx6SNWy5IaxuqELhbEQa6lImEB2uhcsRfqWKEI/rpnimrVXrzv9ZdI/kll7nJynAHVWiy5qs0jrrNyYRoNnhZ32RWfX0mBmJ/T0n5pnaE1FFNJ7GcwU+35RD15pLiMwAWG0BIkyZk/V8cw9aPRunFWUkWtBxAUClRfexBJrEFtFjYLeGs43SPLcyVCqxTgQwTX3VFkcOxr12VTm1Im+NKnUOsF1Y=

Question 12.9

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

Question 12.10

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

Question 12.11

ugF3eqfbVr+QkTBiEomqJpMJU0Wh93BLovu6WDdaYiRqpve8gMocTwGUy2lkpUNBXXgkevbjk6dQqbxxFsv5T3gNOUXPsJGXzWfPxgctzBOjTjQAlS5+EL/nEIIfCZrELm0JfNn/U6Gg18fAmIUi0FZE376sL4/PlbTKGOv9rHA6WKyp

Question 12.12

bMOqB8hjPx1sDVdhfm12d9cctpP6neaQgKRrdLmM1xpG0l9apL5aKOnCHwQ2MX/CMVSm0ktofv4+JZpob1kuz+rTZQpHa7qiV7exoiRBmrg8ux5TazZ/23tzc1awigLjzvTuJEOLO61rU3pwmLXym4p/sQBhUh7KSIDh59tTmWD92FXuUtzhDzX5xCkZejBMZK0BFqy7vp2lUTs52VAdugTbcrwiBeM9X30Aj3MOgtyQ8+9aowizHOahejEKO6SyndhUOKqCZm8Vc+KuhqQiLREcm+dx7Y4ouCetekY7Eo6pAqL9mz0dArPyksQ=

Question 12.13

CXHARfgRnqDxexiDYkZ9zGPHRBoDG46BkaXe2d11lNbrHpVI+5XpGZ9Pr9oqT6Q7hHyXdeDsJUrz3nme6DAobmOYASahOB3kGsWmtqxn9cd2v8w+61ngE/jBkqbAF9d1s1DvfhZwb7QQeoseWuhGQ8OYhrITs6Gxg6wrhA3Sd8x9D5pyeYkIKeXEwtmFSANJvgQ+d3s+e01tR8zwAT7okOcGcj+saVeccMk0zZMGhegYELPyu9GXQMQxXzAq29KJLT577r+AM5RTPkfeh113uCTxU+QH35KEV/2lH7NT7bbiuPq8wycsuDt/u/uoLMwhSkNKNW9eHOs8kV6iHg7REzPlmVrC2klbG6CPKAMdmtspVUg9RMl18ZjnKcjQ94jQo/9kDVBL2DkUz3Rb8/UA45i98kM=

Question 12.14

7jno/gTcSHXKloYUkYeD/zWpq6Vztw326laaq9zFJmxd2ky+Ct4Ujrj5bH6SbBJzIZnf5clhZcsOWeEGoK6A/6LpopbhsCPVZO/UND/kCaqPBYQkhsnZKxBBCJIhKoP3QVXJpy0MxxduEKmsJA2htEagiosVrp1P+CgFhquyzy7jG8V+tHDTIw==

Question 12.15

8Z+s6V9q9VyGvHLW7AKGDiEyx7WT59fxh7i9BEcwjpb2B4P9lHCzjB7pxNMhvdhI46jZ6FwKq/ZhhlffDMF8Pe8gtOuSJGj+ukpKzYqWAVMutKvpWc7Nr0Sz/rert4sK89ozKTG9p6adxejbhwCvL9mhHMsicQrIwsnu/LBGBwpDUVWZq6b4UpTD15NnE1xa1VpYfeQMW7uuz2JDE8JaSpXXNp+uhaXVYZrnFec1a3kEOe/0cTIdUGGmGH467EwjBbqhhEr4LU+X2iZQ96Xkbob6vJmNLSK2whgyv8HF5ayh7RbfLseobexHkpN2rf83Ap6nkwWqVj5RBmbyIhf0LSbxY0DkWE8h0dNWXMA6QuBcD9U/

Question 12.16

A5BAD6Sl+LTaCcDkjDSfix3Xq+1NR5DhUctUaYu1ZP6pIs9tVk5oSMh0KwGZcCeSMgrkk++q+tGFB2AS5rYCWi0ZOc9rrm1AMeq4TP+7qpNIjEXcfmp0QHp9gXiQHsp287+r4Edh7UC2REFSSae7AcXL8I7P9NxQ6ewJEXnj11XH7wZ2VvtTiDTizuhG+sfZENK5kFE2KdWUUW7S6YiUm/nwFwuxkVM4SVtutWaVduAtEj3ITHIbCDIGW1odZ34mboXnzcBw/VOoySiAsHKzvxGkRnimGCurPv3JaL8NK3bSxknljcuFQSbTdJt7wQSUqGhLFvW6lsmloXIKUyar/7+WoQQ9w9mpTiDXrcRpj9kh6ayRPzd4FU0iXarcm4ea+MmlGG2izajIvIElmbsLeXCMg+EEhmgKCMg70qJH87eWeEBMagb0RdpkF0Ak7G4pUjy1fhLra3qB/RMYaQ+Z3PgO9vU10hm1

Question 12.17

8zlLB2NBb7x04KW3P7XzjmQTQbqsNBRQ9mW/KCK2V3SOkhxMDZPgMo2wQTaI6I8eacCAdhFXEFeFI8Q5pzOHdV37+hiZJhsk5OIYDIu5aPp6kXLsl/1FMuTIUQkT+vAP

Question 12.18

nnZ3Dk2vDWMWMwBVWDL/h8DkRAE3g4q8Wbu66B1go5jFCyWCfW4CVqKzhE1GRLQzG+8oU9Kqh9JkzcRAAQ84shbasdDEwha50/k6KXAtlDwK1uRmNqIgg4bJyh7tDno6OOdpNssYVJHgdOxG2xMzHc0J1Wr3Uw1Ecje3zIw7HyEG38EufFyfp3cjJwhCsWVcpiwL1o47pSzYgr01SL78OVn+2cRnZF0EKu5xLQKmqiF+peuanzwH5sF9iCEQ6CG2vqWxmU2JpxKlAydSHgzaSw==

Question 12.19

Ncnjk6n9nvb35RSbKUEkxhxK7J03zgiyyYrIVlPsZ3hVHLh+GhjLRBGnvtl0Qy/QXgKqh2lYvYqTqBVv067UAm7ksniBleQyoCHVCAuLp3VoPf812HmhIUUYvZA0V4rXav29y2+nyGXLc043wVDeHrBKfQ8tV0gI/GbA+PA6BQUhSG8porNda753YqX5MPhf9KlAuU7AtcGgOZNIXAr2FFSyUTx1SdMDg1Qen/FCFs4TO8V1mEFRiyj2BTMa0Aa0Yrog+ZGRxrejKnBXsyRMKed2sPKaONlnYPuVFF33Gb1EeBEBmXP6jE5DIqtnSFh5BJXbAi0bruYt/SnA1h/2TsTXoRSEu3xwzoLHqieYBgI=

Question 12.20

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

Chapter Integration Problems

Question 12.21

WKtGPTiroJjPnMkmHOTpmCaiOk+FUoKt6k64KxyN5+8SgyFOu4ALydQ/1+vxiGTK6aGJJEGmIXBzma6HAcEcGuj+2xOk9ACjICe3DGynAFT8Tb8u1RSvYO83/qBOOSTUdLr/tjADZhKEOiZeRaR6mwwWRLOTwwuWarlMwFI+fG4YXG0W7HbFW4trBAGahwb6+u0gpolW2ZRd65aX9qD1i5sn57FFqjix

Question 12.22

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

Question 12.23

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

Data Interpretation and Challenge Problems

Question 12.24

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

Question 12.25

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

Question 12.26

VtcUHc3gsbOZuQryV5vMtCpPDVyEIsgLdm3tBOLTyCIGyLhsY/ftrxZSEXBRS1NLMolkL46DV1888R5WfSbP0QdeVW2DQ3sEVMEPdENP7W0i5VWBllLeLT3OoX01ldtYhXujGph53ES5LiDolswBx2BB/rYHrITL8OPqd2ZlJSgVOIlSv8Z8ww52dEDGvmTLyDjiOoe5W+n25Fcmefhlf7nows2NZBrnoML4Yd4/gEC6qU/UVYBKpPZPnBRf+GOr+HuY6isqdk8G8RYU5z2GTXwDaQugmM5EN8Q153yfmG61Vq2HbLbEoJIsJBNEYGXaZMpvtGOV8qFfkJ9lPOBCeAA521lC+E2UttK7W14qsTHBlDd5fk7QaxjWAi7J7yGNJtdrRO7zIYyzCi7a

Question 12.27

omxOiGVvuqBo9u3NGxXvzLJTP5xlStmSNsWPtpycuJQIEO+2KwXgaTolhQkBSO2oFYTfd/8YtwloGQNaD369NYFFj3ySiSOH8kSHrZL5nA6CVSvfzcoFVVMtQ2LQZQUn6P3eiMUiYTuoFwpRbqmJPB9uaBAutI26bGTuoOPuwXGTiv8CtpvNER7V3OuCVVg7nDyzaQyi3AnZ6YRtbCTRJ6CqmJXyxUQj4CDL+Q+d6motbK42RNMfIpMMRhk6ooBI2iizt0V0oP64U2syjfiHp4DoUzzvTc+hM5cFgltgY8Hewb43eCeAkUR84uc8ntpJ+CM+yf6Y2Tgc2ScAfb7RY8+8881XfSvRETMxoUNsFprwuwYh+0bXj8vXyVxKcgAGF62ihpBDsfn+unx6vPtaMaFddgkQ072E39N/HocTlvK0COTIAHSONfZTAQV0Ivlc

Question 12.28

Qhcdt3pQFU4y8MCDSdzM4HIx8mCP/J+ZHiOKjX/p6CR1rDA/aPYDU6gGwrMdC9sdRQRA7Bd138S/qFrKGQu5yIPrzth4RFwFNPgQs7xhvAVtpnsCvu3iyVhlZlaxfRN2b3g+68VMtqUMSZmkZZjhbFE3GrZSQX91xCUlEcAY/QjQPDwLCugYe56Nhwf5QvORTeA+u6bgD5i0Pdvf1hNKXYCcgoIxZJqVWaVpeqlk+tB2uaHAvHLghilWGGxwZlGfv6TMcxTksLfo3EjH4NF+ewkh6X+ojoJGgk3zhSyGhgWn7IMbABN5AzZ2WjagfjFXT0P3jilQpTET/Ys1uo2g1g==

Question 12.29

Tarantula toxin. Acid sensing is associated with pain, tasting, and other biological activities. Acid sensing is carried out by a ligand-gated channel that permits Na+ influx in response to H+. This family of acid-sensitive ion channels (ASICs) comprises a number of members. Psalmotoxin 1 (PcTX1), a venom from the tarantula, inhibits some members of this family. The following electrophysiological recordings of cells containing several members of the ASIC family were made in the presence of the toxin at a concentration of 10 nM. The channels were opened by changing the pH from 7.4 to the indicated values. PcTX1 was present for a short time (indicated by the black bar above the recordings), after which time it was rapidly washed from the system. ✓ 3

(A) Electrophysiological recordings of cells exposed to tarantula toxin. (B) Plot of peak current of a cell containing the ASIC1a protein versus the toxin concentration.

(a) Which of the ASIC family members—ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, or ASIC3—is most sensitive to the toxin?

(b) Is the effect of the toxin reversible? Explain.

(c) What concentration of PcTX1 yields 50% inhibition of the sensitive channel?

46O/GvlXlao=
Tarantula toxin. Acid sensing is associated with pain, tasting, and other biological activities. Acid sensing is carried out by a ligand-gated channel that permits Na + influx in response to H +. This family of acid-sensitive ion channels (ASICs) comprises a number of members. Psalmotoxin 1 (PcTX1), a venom from the tarantula, inhibits some members of this family. The following electrophysiological recordings of cells containing several members of the ASIC family were made in the presence of the toxin at a concentration of 10 nM. The channels were opened by changing the pH from 7.4 to the indicated values. PcTX1 was present for a short time (indicated by the black bar above the recordings), after which time it was rapidly washed from the system. ✓ 3 (A) Electrophysiological recordings of cells exposed to tarantula toxin. (B) Plot of peak current of a cell containing the ASIC1a protein versus the toxin concentration. (a) Which of the ASIC family members—ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, or ASIC3—is most sensitive to the toxin? (b) Is the effect of the toxin reversible? Explain. (c) What concentration of PcTX1 yields 50% inhibition of the sensitive channel?

Question 12.30

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

Question 12.31

LoCYV/dLbwIaUKu7qc3okiO4QWQU24fTZvAPi8UzNFCAg5Fz0JvZ09rv2tvz5A70sHvl7Lywwj8tM9uqU/gnx1W98Dg3cUQ6KTXGKQm0Mwu8qzqBUDZTqvXrMLM9eTshJkWwAgTBdrEnyIKI7vMCuvOFdbb1shizW8crk2McKCFZYfm6iV+A4rWbmDhSBoVQB4cMxzNhhAUNeMp44QAGUcpAWhtJWgwVFP2ZECHp4Ie1Z5OCTx2xE0rd2FjpSe4zNeNyR95SQUG2Uz3/Gq/xtl2SU16PXG5GXmVlVBgJ973RzY+TdG4uuzHgSZqixvuO/YA542fuCLC74Nq+8FCnhejCB5qujUKIceg+tBZ/x3Gt5vWvJsFJG+7ZWWHIhVOfEgPcemRnWWor0X+grBAMBzun70KT+mTeUNGY6o25EF9W2+JEgQ55oIkMJ+D9+QxPY5Z2eROELSm+NYnIeb4oR2EylTUF7T62QAzC2aXwz4ZyHObqbVfiyZllZGp/BwesSBZOWFM+y6RnfF2RrTcWsnMsyqSc/nl17FUMygatD8/HFZ8DihqawyKENA43h4olo+5iyQr12o1KCHHYJSlFg+UnCLM=

Challenge Problems

Question 12.32

t57uI3MLEZIEtCQOEGxvgfiNPXOXR2ukdGNiQPfyLRdAL8ai6O3mpPdMl0Q3fIgBM9SdhIGBh1clSEkyIvPmuyeMGvDKjNJYMV1Cj3vKsKkPUmlb6MaE+n/FLfD8VN49HZPN7yT+TgPUoh5Plb8dPOW/z4NYumkXQtTYgZc4haQYkxJgoXi+gkKhj7gvuF2kjavYdfBWpxKU+UUc4LIX7NmkmxUDh5EPyrKkycNV3PRlLtkiWePNeMcy/wAju/yVCv+W3QxsQZnLlHI2G8YRtLJO1XHnuY0TjHYNukx4HBDarzh9DGY3Qx1ZT9tYQnNDGmiE0rHFcuQx1Ardsu00fKgnSxfGcwDiZGfDnhjA54RNVb6tC76784dxYiMnk/YlvasRLUs3MThm8+6nr9RxrLcZDhGK2NUfklyllZ1l5H7czOQc/3WNzZz3NrM3gke1blBhwB28OZHjbyOJPWIAorat6T4c4GUKumBRMWIB4ZS4NQIPgx/QIhFQloQhPaKJzdbCw1+RZkJhrYwRu5MJwQ==

Question 12.33

wjf2sT1dW6usSHbP87pxhi0Jsb/+2ov6Xjnie8I/2T/lVRaTbKEJys7wFbBe/EFewffN78juCLOYsW5DhbgNy96FUuH0NzBhbfb5oyryrdLzRERz5EO5Ll0xVugUr+oREL3Mp18KyrWJegolfTfXaUrYWxUz/FC+FPIWfq0OXhvePC6mHtFGVNWRTLJgdDYN/0nnrWBSRJeSD+vSXJcqdA3MI6tu7RhsqwT/4SE7TUODZBRPdbFRVnHlLc4vCQsI8NU9nN1W2o6FSCfgJn+Eog==

Selected Readings for this chapter can be found online at www.whfreeman.com/tymoczko3e.

224