PROBLEMS
Question 19.1
NaoF9bhR4juz7osentNEVKJMjSrok3gz/bGZbhWQGo7fi45DLDwPsU7rOnmEgA/DtHR/3QIs843Dp/pNbBhkFw26nS3hnCMNGxGV4TDN2YdWKBzTK21BJtUuo896eFQ8oompchnQ/u1VPbtrFdCzTwMUo04chXKWWoQz3zQLjkk=Question 19.2
tWnpukBedu1N64QSW7PP8jwj+yVGzI9U6XhZN9hbwOevXgItAwKSA65uagnhPDFg8OoaBPfgU2vZIIULUDw50UrKsjq4d7eXgcXGUoYUpIYugBHCeeQqk2bz5AgrVS+hz0mwcWmWDf/eIGFIYyR9SMg0hf1w1OwNVFRAANWWA/hQaRMVPFESd2xtrsn5k01TYkbRmuCGOWKIgeII7nSA/+W+rFTBjSXgHm73+Ja1kbCG/C46hAWyPiZl6V8ulUXNkC8UH5W6lyc=Question 19.3
hUoEywsAadGs+m9fbWqkrMO5NyUOATIJq/3nVXpr6HGWx+t/Xytm5OscwuT5EyInpSVawVAsZzJqRS9I8d4QZtsuKl2YbWpZHp7GMVyJrEPJkfTj8nWOyLFeqXJ5prbBu4i2YJpyusRyJjHR96b5MBoNCcmG+UKh5wXzPmXmJAGmzESvo7YcSuXOXm7kJ1VqK58lnOQeVI3ayMhMBvqpu9hf0ZRRrLdd7OA1K5IfC2I=Question 19.4
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 19.5
u/msNqAnUk55+hpTUYRCgoHrxnmu5/kFq/f7Lp5PGnL6nVSQ8OImBuwqvEF0WWDwYM6r4xcaxlgwyjxgCd2i4/nLZMrWSsIrCokAH8Jpo2ozPxZ4wZ2DOUOVeI89KWUdie+klBVA86IDEVRwHQJWJEZG0PHEdKAm8+blkE4bp0VMLr9u8kurVMXkVYFJu5IQ08vXWjmxc/Ioi6D+eShgaXckQ2nZsmxLYiypM0N3TOoAOaddzXMTOPeYP/SOmXqanfIA5qE1G+TLFKxlV6vXZA/SPZTWtGpXOFRiPv/z8rU=Question 19.6
SDFXP1/4MKObEPcDmsd9DDZFgFtuieopOnokwGYS8oo45C5dcy/a/MHlN6uI8BZ1onew6ilqCKm3cvpKs5y5/XB9510tIcF9PxGn0j57M7pbMdUfWdbrvkPnTOLLmh1pq7ETY/r7+6NWfVXyHdR+bv7/d4yNPOVbTCRg9U0DsbReHgRiQR9xnUFITn5Mp2MevWXN/lKRGbWOjG+0Question 19.7
Wg3R5bsC6rWbi/i0+aaFWc2axFR92hcyTUypJe7JvqnmJNYNI6LtP6oA0epJXr6gCZiXtJSD2yKsdP6P25zOQ88rgvYxU6kYP3IrWQD9o1qfLamaveCXOVBxA1wuJx7X3Q+VTrd8HE1F5bKDezkWUCRf2iYG3ke8Bv6b+vaEy6UNtLQYx2ySmQbx+BLUUrsRYJmQd2ckqC5jJGjZwsEYsvf/5ekqdFRr4tjV20C9PVppIF1gUZvJBYwVex8Jt8O4Kc5HsHvUltME7XJdWnu+yumK6bMCb7e0yLW/fmBdn4tD+0M49gsvezvmtLa5ZEShDd1DmcjQxwm8s2ZxY4JVNV4QmWKGBjwbXuit5HC2vLShe2bEb445Q0C0N82y+ThhCDJFNgCOBRK6xHulXYmKy7eSbKZOmqtlHqLGmPBiFg43GrH3MYl0fOe2ZnbKYYRGXHQ684X3RznUFajcxjcBDg==Question 19.8
I2vwnpteasPbtik9kdPAusFiu1RrMMo4WQRY3AsobxgR+xScZs4JDaCSZ9HwIkMYAiTmYauVy2K2m2QdnfXiCyKEM8mLu6BU84NB9nUhNCwfuQrYATzu4G8UDPvu8GbywNAI5MxS5LCCihh9hXSegmfSNFKK5a3JFwaaa8N/WBHp7GPhgqpfvM9Mcs5luXK1StJW1hgPNjridLZjjsZUIx4rl0s+EtZt+zSVhvKT2sHL0+CaBkEuM/gNYujeAzLiTJ/TVwGXt2U=Question 19.9
F9DRhMPo5aFO+4aqPADTrsrquGMi8+z7nXisvDOfkTWKKTh1y7DbZH0uEHrymVGmRmYUmtVTlHc/PN0/1msiYRTVHPQ9Mmhm7X3OtOu5JQd2EgEuDGxzUk/3DjXBkGmea6j8QosQuLDW/FlypP1833a31aTZqWz/W5viU+S8sUVNcO6AlWmM3rmPEaT9rh6I3yVZBF70UL8/Kdq1WrezUTUazOz/Ktsy5nttyyzRxbb3bZPhmCrYMSBAv7N2RhZhlZqFedBVShlCkixZYkLVql3l/CWoHCcpM1wRbg73sGzeVKfDxvytLQ==Question 19.10
OHnLxD5P4derIYUnD77xrzvvwYTCx7o/wNzPri9zmuHbUobmnHvuQPArF7RtoVRWFKFnIORWal7uxKCJYQqsM343DWi2Jy+14FhCBvNThYJU8vOfR6SVwwsr7+oJkSWK9bKBu631Rx430Ak3b3dLORh/WpabD5d3n1CxRTLiYF2FuT8qvH2ozvIikYLSIRekjY9YAVTDmGJKomVUkhE1gRs7yTdVkyjNm7I3qQbxaVqpPZc5xkAq7CPeMO5oKuefCJrC/6Lo4IR3zCkPUi6oVa5/K/LRWQCs0dSsQigmro8xHJHhYqn7fqoyMc7jhpLgJ4FspCM3qj+iuEWQPNRGQrl8A1aprR0Gfl0Ilcy2spF8aztBwoxRCwfTrThNKQKUDxJtgnSFX+F6sRU94cFHxzamtVXxzIdjBneT9VAtDKS0Fo2jtXbmSA==
Question 19.11
aymc5O7IvPnrozshw7uUTKglY2cVSyvsBqee0TBEKXkMP7OMOyeAqUEsKwK1SdSBwffI1r1O9HXYPV+TLl5l2oWbg53rii4teOc1t9i3MqaHHm5c3WcvV1DMmbU61Vf7mdMcJapLaLaSnMOdDY0+e8Pufss+DSfFrGW+Yw==Question 19.12
gM44OLE3hQ0YH/hOJ27w4gMcUV/t+FSguKxIGk+kPIHRovN/rorjWhXdcHMi4ImuiiHqm8RUWuwI3Im5qmCr6OO45QNF1zz+4EWEjaZRKnctTytwTcCEgzIYWOLPZZWpHLBl9+MUJvoLCPy/Oa9cRU9aH0wGcqwg0bE1IKT9GOOkppq5JIKK2eA9Wiba/yic15d+K6aAECFCkGlfhi/31mLXCGE=Question 19.13
oxJ8Q/g3GsA7mN4JBfTdgOiLYLJF2tFax9i29Zmmii8TubxyPx7S9r9d7efBm/lu+FBEky0AxtBXfMvuZbXspDmHJ/mgEJGBoAepIh8kOU/ewIYksS7YKJHFk8Q4rSu4oeP1rpFSikiHp+Kw4pRPgflRoLSgbOoCqjMUu8rhSHqITtQ6mWYys8RANOQ8MSWT98saJULB5K8TDSKsbNimBZJMENYCjMk5Question 19.14
ZjeVuaJu9LFzqIeIRVgIsdLpcg6aQfcIEDKywWrx7zlY3g2BczEvWNgWpMvhdyqP/kOP+0t24gfQgLkVMSQ3lmnBHway9ffBrVaD1PcRoKGkAaiHRULoq1qsrMs2L8o+AISB6PW3Am9Xq4n378JeT4zz+sA1Gp1BXo4QTTAWz1PwSS31j4oJ+/V/yvtwrXbkK0AaTqsH4+0=Question 19.15
pnTHbqWmLWIKx0J3BmIMnEL0Vz9EgweBSr2xTdxLRPSUXz6rgJPuNXq/KjOALBSCumAXReleD/zMgTpTUQQPlTyIotV6lUtqRjjCeMX+M6Ny8gFD6bTTP18bJS9P5OHlcMoBEQ==Chapter Integration Problem
Question 19.16
xRLlcxGJCv0ZNQQss5FhYOwWGlQsni+BsjYc0WQI+dgJbaj4rt/UX52bNurSt9zIKjx5GHrjChU4to9xHnNZ8NCpMpvd6rZuYtWEfeFyAr1w6R8ZfEQ3J7FoLOrxp3S5AAWFT8RKTyd5fWFzDPzXkvwIpfYnlKdnkgTk1/63hY894l1oQuestion 19.17
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Question 19.18
7DhkTlEurhYWeTThcVqTMTIOHAHfTJg456EjrZBgLTK3bsI2r5aclVHQvikaeLoYhCFJkzwnsEsXPDfRmzaceMYn+LxNl2wtoWKxjhCB3isDTAB65Qh6IljRuj9A91mEKM/PAXp7nsFB7Xlxqkmh2fgU8uC8k14ftrTbJOgLwc1RMQM7zTw4O59ydexR+tAQ6g2mbyiTOx9rL64ll3Ks4OlW7T8=Mechanism Problems
Question 19.19
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 19.20
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359
Challenge, Data Interpretation, and Chapter Integration Problems
Question 19.21
A little goes a long way. As will become clearer in Section 9, the activity of the citric acid cycle can be monitored by measuring the amount of O2 consumed. The greater the rate of O2 consumption, the faster the rate of the cycle. Hans Krebs used this assay to investigate the cycle in 1937. He used as his experimental system minced pigeon-
|
Effect of citrate on oxygen consumption by minced pigeon- |
||
|---|---|---|
|
|
Micromoles of oxygen consumed |
|
|
Time (min) |
Carbohydrate only |
Carbohydrate plus 3 μmol of citrate |
|
10 |
26 |
28 |
|
60 |
43 |
62 |
|
90 |
46 |
77 |
|
150 |
49 |
85 |
(a) How much O2 would be absorbed if the added citrate were completely oxidized to H2O and CO2?
(b) On the basis of your answer to part a, what do the results given in the table suggest?
A little goes a long way. As will become clearer in Section 9, the activity of the citric acid cycle can be monitored by measuring the amount of O 2 consumed. The greater the rate of O 2 consumption, the faster the rate of the cycle. Hans Krebs used this assay to investigate the cycle in 1937. He used as his experimental system minced pigeon-breast muscle, which is rich in mitochondria. In one set of experiments, Krebs measured the O 2 consumption in the presence of carbohydrate only and in the presence of carbohydrate and citrate. The results are shown in the following table. ✓ 4 (a) How much O 2 would be absorbed if the added citrate were completely oxidized to H 2 O and CO 2? (b) On the basis of your answer to part a, what do the results given in the table suggest?
Question 19.22
Arsenite poisoning. The effect of arsenite on the experimental system of problem 21 was then examined. Experimental data (not presented here) showed that the amount of citrate present did not change in the course of the experiment in the absence of arsenite. However, if arsenite was added to the system, different results were obtained, as shown in the following table. ✓ 4
|
Disappearance of citric acid in pigeon- |
||
|---|---|---|
|
Micromoles of citrate added |
Micromoles of citrate found after 40 minutes |
Micromoles of citrate used |
|
22 |
00.6 |
21 |
|
44 |
20.0 |
24 |
|
90 |
56.0 |
34 |
(a) What is the effect of arsenite on the disappearance of citrate?
(b) How is the arsenite’s action altered by the addition of more citrate?
(c) What do these data suggest about the site of action of arsenite?
Arsenite poisoning. The effect of arsenite on the experimental system of problem 21 was then examined. Experimental data (not presented here) showed that the amount of citrate present did not change in the course of the experiment in the absence of arsenite. However, if arsenite was added to the system, different results were obtained, as shown in the following table. ✓ 4 (a) What is the effect of arsenite on the disappearance of citrate? (b) How is the arsenite’s action altered by the addition of more citrate? (c) What do these data suggest about the site of action of arsenite?
Question 19.23
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 Problems
Question 19.24
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Question 19.25
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Question 19.26
+0pGrE1ZkSLLC69K8VehbQrMTQUBtw73ea3OsOXbauU3XFjhRQJHjXdUTbCgd/LHKQFXo8W/AiabHoI52uNJs70pmTCmeA+5xfEPvf140zAEAgNIN6eYFIc4/1skIu4RNOLCWPSzBtVGYTQvGxB67SofmNM2RuxDggaCSOC75Zkc0D+nBWpSwdXbMw2JTTHxzbNio5ko0GgpkOCNL7WrYbJzm/cPwJJt/XPEHAHWuTDK05gbbm59b4DH8soUA+MoBhRRtyBzFi1zihNLp7SAhkwW3+P9ZkNPOaMuqS40MU+uZjeY3sUiqatFsPxgadjCIJ2nx0OBLPUMULxkExlHAdoQ1DmL5UdBixUGWQbMCWOIsaeS+kJRxwMR0J5NzgGxa9A5hzZoHPSxaeUoGbHDCA==Question 19.27
D7pI3McZy3hVOS/OBlhufoAtE3ufjXIN9C5ETNRd5JrnduutbTt+lfx8jRJ3E13uLDoJPT19Rt+cqecgiQSFLYpj5h7BtCzlx1QsDks+ltOLhNJwJ+imnU3KXsXTh1lhIIw3DoWiQNoirwjsD6o+7eHNRlg4gwQE2RVLh3Ip2FZjp2gGp1OxdkzSa5Q=Question 19.28
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Selected Readings for this chapter can be found online at www.whfreeman.com/